{"id":2586,"date":"2026-08-24T15:46:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-24T12:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/?p=2586"},"modified":"2026-08-24T15:46:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T12:46:58","slug":"efes-antik-kenti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/efes-antik-kenti\/","title":{"rendered":"EFES ANT\u0130K KENT\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sevgili dostlar, her k\u00f6\u015fesinden tarih f\u0131\u015fk\u0131ran bu topraklar\u0131n en g\u00f6rkemli k\u00f6\u015felerinden birine, Efes Antik Kenti<\/strong>\u2019nin binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k hikayesine ho\u015f geldiniz! Bug\u00fcn sizleri zaman t\u00fcnelinde as\u0131rlar \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrece\u011fim. Haz\u0131rsan\u0131z, bu efsanevi kentin Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f’dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Osmanl\u0131’ya uzanan o muazzam kronolojik yolculu\u011funa ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 atal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

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  1. Zaman\u0131n \u00d6tesinde Bir Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7: Neolitik ve Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 6000 \u2013 M\u00d6 1050)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c7o\u011fu insan Efes\u2019in tarihinin sadece Yunan kolonileriyle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr; fakat arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar topra\u011fa her de\u011fdi\u011finde kentin ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u00e7ok daha geriye \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn kentin ilk yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Ayasuluk Tepesi<\/strong>, \u00c7ukuri\u00e7i H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Arvalya H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar, buralarda ya\u015fam\u0131n ta Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a (M\u00d6 6000 civar\u0131)<\/strong> kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eskiden bu kentin sadece M\u00d6 1050\u2019lerde kuruldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131rken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ilk yerle\u015fimin Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda (M\u00d6 3000\u2019ler)<\/strong> \u00e7oktan var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bu h\u00f6y\u00fcklerde bulunan ta\u015f ve bronz baltalar, i\u011fneler, seramik par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme aletleri, binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce burada ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131na dair ilk sessiz tan\u0131klard\u0131r. \u00dcstelik Hitit tabletlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu topraklar\u0131n o d\u00f6nem bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya h\u00fckmeden Arzava krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fhur ba\u015fkenti Apa\u0161a<\/strong> oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

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    1. Efsanelerle Do\u011fan Kent: \u0130yonya ve Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 10. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Gelin \u015fimdi M\u00d6 10. y\u00fczy\u0131la, yani kentin Attikal\u0131 ve \u0130yonyal\u0131 Yunan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle yeniden canland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme gidelim. Tabii her antik kentin bir ruhu oldu\u011fu gibi, Efes’in de harika bir kurulu\u015f efsanesi vard\u0131r! Atina Kral\u0131 Kodros’un cesur o\u011flu Androklos<\/strong>, yeni d\u00fcnyalar ke\u015ffetmek amac\u0131yla Ege\u2019nin mavi sular\u0131na yelken a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce Delfi\u2019deki Apollon kahinlerine dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kahinler ona, “Sana bir bal\u0131k ve bir yaban domuzu yer g\u00f6sterecek, kentin temelini orada atacaks\u0131n”<\/em> der. Androklos ve adamlar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na geldiklerinde, karaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p tuttuklar\u0131 bal\u0131klar\u0131 pi\u015firmeye ba\u015flarlar. Tam o s\u0131rada tavadan s\u0131\u00e7rayan bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131 tutu\u015fturur ve \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131ktaki bir yaban domuzu panikle bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kap\u0131p ka\u00e7maya ba\u015flar. Kehanetin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6ren Androklos, domuzun pe\u015finden giderek kenti tam o noktada kurar. Efes, bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren Klasik Yunan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli siyasi ve ticari merkezlerinden biri haline gelerek \u0130yonya kent birli\u011finin<\/strong> se\u00e7kin bir \u00fcyesi olur.<\/p>\n

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      1. Artemis\u2019in G\u00f6lgesinde Y\u00fckseli\u015f: Lidya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bilgeler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 6. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Tarih sahnesi ilerledik\u00e7e, M\u00d6 560 y\u0131l\u0131nda Efesliler kentlerini me\u015fhur Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong> \u00e7evresine ta\u015f\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015fte bu d\u00f6nemde, M\u00d6 550 civar\u0131nda, zenginli\u011fiyle d\u00fcnyaya nam salm\u0131\u015f Lidya Kral\u0131 Kroisos (Croesus) tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmeye karar verir. Mimar Kersifron ve o\u011flu Metagenes \u00f6nderli\u011finde y\u00fckselen bu tap\u0131nak, antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tamamen mermerden yap\u0131lan ilk tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131ndan biri<\/strong> olarak kabul edilecektir. M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Efes’i sadece mimaride de\u011fil, bilim ve felsefede de \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcndedir. “Ayn\u0131 nehirde iki kez y\u0131kan\u0131lmaz” ve “De\u011fi\u015fmeyen tek \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fimdir” s\u00f6zlerinin sahibi, bat\u0131 felsefesinin en \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcrlerinden karanl\u0131k filozof Herakleitos<\/strong>, \u015fair Callinos ve hekim Soranos gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck dehalar bu topraklarda do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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        1. Yang\u0131ndan K\u00fcllerine Do\u011fu\u015f: Lisimahos ve Izgara Plan\u0131 (M\u00d6 4. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u2013 M\u00d6 1. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u015eimdi takvimlerimizi M\u00d6 21 Temmuz 356 gecesine saral\u0131m. O gece, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmek isteyen Herostratos ad\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n, o muhte\u015fem Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 yakar. Rivayet odur ki, tap\u0131nak alevler i\u00e7indeyken tam o s\u0131rada d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek olan B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/strong> do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Y\u0131llar sonra \u0130skender Efes’e geldi\u011finde tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa etmeyi teklif eder ama gururlu Efesliler bu yard\u0131m\u0131 reddederler.<\/p>\n

          \u0130\u015fte bug\u00fcn o hayranl\u0131kla gezdi\u011fimiz g\u00f6rkemli kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n as\u0131l mimar\u0131 ise B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc generali Lisimahos<\/strong>\u2019tur. M\u00d6 300 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Lisimahos, nehirden gelen al\u00fcvyonlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kenti B\u00fclb\u00fcl Da\u011f\u0131 ile Panay\u0131r Da\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki iki tepeye ta\u015f\u0131r. Kenti dahi \u015fehir planc\u0131s\u0131 Hippodamos’un **”Izgara Plan\u0131”**na g\u00f6re yeniden kurar; yani t\u00fcm cadde ve sokaklar birbirini dik kesecek \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenir. Kente o d\u00f6nem ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck su yollar\u0131 olan kil borulardan yap\u0131lma Lysimachos su kemeri de in\u015fa edilir.<\/p>\n

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          1. Cihan \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u0130ncisi: Roma ve Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 1. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u2013 MS 4. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Geldik Efes\u2019in tarihindeki o en \u015fa\u015faal\u0131, her yerin mermerlerle kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a! Efes, M\u00d6 129’da Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7er ve \u0130mparator Augustus zaman\u0131nda Asia Eyaleti’nin ba\u015fkenti<\/strong> ilan edilir. N\u00fcfusu 200 bin ila 250 bin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan devasa bir kozmopolit metropole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

            G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fczde canland\u0131r\u0131n dostlar: Kuretler Caddesi<\/strong>‘nde Romal\u0131 asiller y\u00fcr\u00fcmekte, sa\u011f yama\u00e7ta ise mermer kaplamalar\u0131, taban mozaikleri ve hatta kalorifer sistemleriyle d\u00f6nemin ultra l\u00fcks konutlar\u0131 olan Yama\u00e7 Evler<\/strong> y\u00fckselmektedir. Vali Celsus an\u0131s\u0131na MS 114-135 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen ve 15 bin par\u015f\u00f6meni bar\u0131nd\u0131ran muazzam Celsus K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong> kentin k\u00fclt\u00fcr kalbidir. Hemen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ise, \u0130mparator Claudius zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flan\u0131p Trajan d\u00f6neminde bitirilen, 24.000 ki\u015filik kapasitesiyle antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k hava tiyatrosu olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Tiyatro<\/strong> y\u00fckselir. \u0130mparator Neron ve Septimius Severus d\u00f6nemlerinde bu tiyatroya yeni katlar eklenir. \u0130mparator Trajan ve Hadrianus d\u00f6nemlerinde ise De\u011firmendere ve Aristion su kemerleri gibi muazzam projelerle kente g\u00fcnde on binlerce metrek\u00fcp su pompalan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            Bu d\u00f6nemde sadece ticaret de\u011fil, dinler tarihi de yeniden yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Kleopatra\u2019n\u0131n asi k\u0131z karde\u015fi Arsinoe, Marcus Antonius taraf\u0131ndan Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 merdivenlerinde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bug\u00fcn Kuretler Caddesi’ndeki Oktagon<\/strong> an\u0131t mezar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yay\u0131lma merkezlerinden biri olan Efes’te Aziz Paul vaazlar verir, Aziz Yuhanna (St. Jean) ve Hz. Meryem buraya gelerek ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irirler.<\/p>\n

            Ancak MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde ac\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ek kentin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alar: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Nehri’nin getirdi\u011fi al\u00fcvyonlar liman\u0131 doldurur, deniz fersah fersah uzakla\u015f\u0131r. Kent ticaret g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeder. \u00dcstelik MS 263’te Gotlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla kent ya\u011fmalan\u0131r, MS 270\/280 civar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deprem ise o can\u0131m Yama\u00e7 Evler’i yerle bir eder.<\/p>\n

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            1. Bizans \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130nanc\u0131n Kalesi (MS 5. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u2013 MS 14. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Bizans d\u00f6nemine geldi\u011fimizde Efes art\u0131k eski ticari g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015ftir ama Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in muazzam bir hac merkezi<\/strong> haline gelmi\u015ftir. MS 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda me\u015fhur konsil toplant\u0131lar\u0131 burada, Meryem ad\u0131na in\u015fa edilen ilk kilise olan Meryem Kilisesi’nde yap\u0131l\u0131r. MS 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans \u0130mparatoru I. Justinianus, Ayasuluk Tepesi\u2019nde Aziz Jean\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131 \u00fczerine muhte\u015fem, alt\u0131 kubbeli St. Jean Bazilikas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 in\u015fa ettirir. Ne var ki, MS 614’teki \u015fiddetli deprem \u015fehri b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda tahrip eder. Liman tamamen dolup batakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce halk buray\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131r ve ilk yerle\u015ftikleri yer olan Ayasuluk Tepesi<\/strong>\u2019ne geri ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Araplar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lara d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sald\u0131r\u0131lar kenti iyice y\u0131prat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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              1. Beyliklerden Osmanl\u0131’ya Ayasuluk ve Sel\u00e7uk (1304 \u2013 G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Zaman\u0131n \u00e7ark\u0131 d\u00f6ner ve T\u00fcrk ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 bu topraklara ula\u015f\u0131r. 1304 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk hakimiyetine ge\u00e7en kent, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi<\/strong>‘nin ba\u015fkenti olur ve antik ismi b\u0131rak\u0131larak tamamen Ayasuluk<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ayd\u0131no\u011flu \u0130sa Bey taraf\u0131ndan, in\u015fas\u0131nda antik tap\u0131naklardan ve \u00f6zellikle Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’ndan s\u00f6k\u00fclen mermerlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Anadolu cami mimarisinin en e\u015fsiz iki minareli \u00f6rneklerinden biri olan \u0130sa Bey Camii<\/strong> in\u015fa edilir. 1390 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lan yerle\u015fim, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

                \u0130\u015fte sevgili dostlar, o g\u00f6rkemli d\u00fcnya ba\u015fkentinden bug\u00fcn geriye kalanlar, her y\u0131l milyonlarca turistin hayranl\u0131kla gezdi\u011fi o g\u00fczel ve huzurlu \u0130zmir Sel\u00e7uk<\/strong> il\u00e7esinde, toprak alt\u0131nda saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rlar ve g\u00f6\u011fe y\u00fckselen s\u00fctunlar\u0131yla bizi b\u00fcy\u00fclemeye devam ediyor!<\/p>\n

                ARTEM\u0130S TAPINA\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n

                Efes\u2019in o b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici sokaklar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrken att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her ad\u0131mda bizi bir efsane kar\u015f\u0131lar. Fakat \u015fimdi y\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kentin en kutsal, en g\u00f6rkemli ve antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalbinin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 o e\u015fsiz noktaya \u00e7eviriyoruz: Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ya da antik ad\u0131yla Artemision<\/strong>. G\u00f6zlerinizi kapat\u0131n ve mermerin en saf halinin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne y\u00fckseldi\u011fi o d\u00f6neme, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck inan\u00e7 merkezine do\u011fru bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

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                1. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 K\u0131skand\u0131ran Bir \u0130hti\u015fam: Yedi Harikadan Biri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Bu tap\u0131nak \u00f6yle s\u0131radan bir kutsal alan de\u011fildi dostlar. Helenistik d\u00f6nemdeki haliyle antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131ndan biri<\/strong> olarak kabul ediliyordu. Sidonlu Antipater, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131n\u0131 derledi\u011fi o me\u015fhur yaz\u0131s\u0131nda tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr g\u00f6rmez nas\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fclendi\u011fini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Artemis’in bulutlar \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f evini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde di\u011fer t\u00fcm harikalar parlakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti ve dedim ki: Olimpus’un d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, G\u00fcne\u015f hi\u00e7 bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015feye bakmad\u0131”<\/em>. Bizansl\u0131 Philon ise tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n bulutlara do\u011fru y\u00fckselen ihti\u015fam\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda di\u011fer t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya harikalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgede kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131s\u0131ld\u0131yordu bize.<\/p>\n

                  Peki, bu devasa yap\u0131y\u0131 bu kadar \u00f6zel k\u0131lan neydi? Buras\u0131, antik d\u00fcnyada tamamen mermerden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ilk tap\u0131nakt\u0131<\/strong>. Genel olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ana evreden olu\u015ftu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n ilk mermer evresi M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzan\u0131yordu. Ancak bizim as\u0131l bildi\u011fimiz o g\u00f6rkemli Arkaik d\u00f6nem evresinin in\u015fas\u0131, M\u00d6 550 civar\u0131nda zenginli\u011fiyle bilinen \u00fcnl\u00fc Lidya Kral\u0131 Kroisos<\/strong>‘un (Croesus) c\u00f6mert finansman\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Mimari Bir Ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131n Anatomisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Gelin, tarih\u00e7i Plinius\u2019un tasvirleriyle bu mermer devini g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczde canland\u0131ral\u0131m: Tap\u0131nak yakla\u015f\u0131k 115 metre uzunlu\u011funda ve 55 metre enindeydi<\/strong> (baz\u0131 kaynaklar bu boyutu 130 x 68 metre olarak da kaydeder). \u00d6n cephesi, Anadolu\u2019nun di\u011fer ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi bat\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fckt\u00fc. G\u00f6\u011fe do\u011fru uzanan, her biri 18 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde tam 127 adet \u0130yonik tarzda kolon<\/strong> tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreliyordu. Ancak bu devasa mermer yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 ah\u015fapt\u0131 ve bu detay, ileride kentin kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek o hazin olayda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

                    Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7i adeta bir g\u00fczel sanatlar m\u00fczesi gibiydi. D\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck heykelt\u0131ra\u015flar\u0131 olan Pheidias, Polyclitus, Kresilas ve Phradmon<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bronz heykellerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015fti. Hatta me\u015fhur Halikarnas Mozolesi\u2019nde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan heykelt\u0131ra\u015f Scopas<\/strong>, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kolonlar\u0131ndaki o ince kabartmalar\u0131 kendi elleriyle oymu\u015ftu. Atinal\u0131 Athenagoras\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n merkezindeki o can\u0131m ba\u015f Artemis heykelini ise Daidalos’un yetenekli \u00f6\u011frencisi Endoeus<\/strong> yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Klasik Ezberleri Bozan Bir Tanr\u0131\u00e7a: Efesli Artemis<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Burada durup \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ger\u00e7e\u011fin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izelim: Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n ithaf edildi\u011fi Efesli Artemis<\/strong> (Ephesya), Yunan mitolojisindeki o ok ve yayla ormanda ko\u015fan bakire avc\u0131 k\u0131z karde\u015fe hi\u00e7 benzemiyordu. O asl\u0131nda, Anadolu’nun prehistorik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri ba\u011fr\u0131na bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak ve bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Kibele<\/strong>\u2019nin Helen mermerine b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ta kendisiydi.<\/p>\n

                      Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, v\u00fccudu Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu ve M\u0131s\u0131r tarz\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131ran, bacaklara do\u011fru gittik\u00e7e incelen s\u00fctun benzeri bir blokla kapl\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcnde gururla ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 37 adet yumru<\/strong>, kimilerine g\u00f6re bereket sa\u00e7an memeleri, kimilerine g\u00f6re yumurtalar\u0131 veya bo\u011fa testislerini simgeliyordu; ama hepsinin birle\u015fti\u011fi tek bir ortak anlam vard\u0131: sonsuz bereket ve do\u011furganl\u0131k. Ba\u015f\u0131nda kentin koruyucusu oldu\u011funu simgeleyen sur duvar\u0131 \u015feklinde bir ta\u00e7 (polos) ta\u015f\u0131r, Efes paralar\u0131nda ise kollar\u0131 y\u0131lanlarla bezeli bir asaya dayanarak resmedilirdi. Tap\u0131nak sadece bir ibadethane de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda uzak diyarlardan gelen t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n, seyyahlar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonomik ve ticari merkezdi.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. K\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k, Alevler ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Tarih takvimi M\u00d6 21 Temmuz 356 gecesini g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n ve bencilce eylemlerinden biri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ad\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya duyurmak ve \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmek isteyen Herostratus<\/strong> ad\u0131nda bir Efesli, o muhte\u015fem tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 me\u015falelerle ate\u015fe verdi. Ah\u015fap \u00e7at\u0131 alev al\u0131nca o koca mermer saray b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

                        Rivayet edilir ki, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcle d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o me\u015fum gece, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/strong> do\u011fmu\u015ftu. Hatta o d\u00f6nem insanlar, “Artemis o gece \u0130skender\u2019in do\u011fumuna yard\u0131m etmekle o kadar me\u015fguld\u00fc ki kendi evini kurtarmaya zaman bulamad\u0131”<\/em> diyerek f\u0131s\u0131lda\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Y\u0131llar sonra \u0130skender, Anadolu’yu fethetti\u011finde tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmeyi teklif etti; tek bir \u015fart\u0131 vard\u0131: Kendi isminin tap\u0131na\u011fa kaz\u0131nmas\u0131. Ancak gururlu Efesliler bu teklifi kibarca geri \u00e7evirerek tarihe ge\u00e7en o cevab\u0131 verdiler: “Bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n, ba\u015fka bir tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na tap\u0131nak in\u015fa etmesi yak\u0131\u015f\u0131k almaz”<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Yok Olu\u015f ve Topra\u011f\u0131n Alt\u0131ndan \u00c7\u0131kan S\u0131rlar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Antik d\u00f6nem boyunca defalarca y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yeniden aya\u011fa kalkan tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n nihai sonu, MS 401 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemindeki y\u0131k\u0131mla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Zamanla nehir al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kenti doldurmas\u0131yla liman uzakla\u015ft\u0131, tap\u0131nak da batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sessizli\u011fine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

                          Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kay\u0131p olan bu efsaneyi bulmak i\u00e7in ilk kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda British Museum ad\u0131na arkeolog John Turtle Wood<\/strong> ba\u015flatt\u0131. Wood, tam alt\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca i\u011fneyle kuyu kazar gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve nihayet 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 6 metre derinlikte<\/strong> tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n temellerine ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

                          Bug\u00fcn o muazzam tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sit alan\u0131na gitti\u011finizde, ne yaz\u0131k ki sadece batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda y\u00fckselen tek bir mermer s\u00fctun ve birka\u00e7 blok par\u00e7as\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Ancak o ta\u015flar\u0131n ruhu asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok uza\u011fa gitmedi. Hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda y\u00fckselen o g\u00fczel \u0130sa Bey Camii<\/strong>\u2019ne (1375) giderseniz, bat\u0131 cephesindeki o asil mermerlerin asl\u0131nda Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp oraya getirildi\u011fini kendi g\u00f6zlerinizle g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

                          CELSUS K\u00dcT\u00dcPHANES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m mermer caddeden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcrken, o muazzam kavisli yolun sonunda aniden kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan, adeta Efes’in tac\u0131 gibi par\u0131ldayan o e\u015fsiz yap\u0131ya do\u011fru yakla\u015fal\u0131m: Celsus K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong>. Gelin, mermer basamaklar\u0131nda soluklan\u0131p, bu mermer devinin arkas\u0131nda yatan o h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc ve asil hik\u00e2yeye kulak verelim.<\/p>\n

                          Bir Evlad\u0131n Babas\u0131na En G\u00fczel Hediyesi<\/h3>\n

                          Bu muazzam yap\u0131, sadece kuru bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane binas\u0131 de\u011fildi dostlar; o, sevgiyle ve sayg\u0131yla harmanlanm\u0131\u015f devasa bir an\u0131t mezard\u0131. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Asya Eyaleti valisi (prokons\u00fcl\u00fc) olan Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus vefat edince, onun an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmek isteyen o\u011flu Gaius Julius Aquila, babas\u0131n\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mirasla bu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneyi yapt\u0131rmaya karar verdi. MS 114 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong> temelleri at\u0131lan bu abidevi eser, ancak MS 135 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong> tamamlanabildi.<\/p>\n

                          \u015eimdi merdivenlerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde durup yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru bak\u0131n. Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir binan\u0131n i\u00e7ine mezar yerle\u015ftirmek neredeyse hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, son derece nadir ve prestijli bir durumdur. Ancak Celsus i\u00e7in bu kural esnetilmi\u015fti. K\u00fct\u00fcphanenin bat\u0131 duvar\u0131n\u0131n hemen alt\u0131nda, yani k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin alt kat\u0131nda Celsus’un asil lahdi<\/strong> yer almaktad\u0131r. Yani k\u00fct\u00fcphanede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan antik \u00e7a\u011f bilginleri, asl\u0131nda Celsus’un ebedi uykusunun hemen \u00fczerinde bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

                          Mimari Deha ve D\u00f6rt Erdem<\/h3>\n

                          G\u00f6zlerinizi o muhte\u015fem iki katl\u0131 mermer d\u0131\u015f cepheye \u00e7evirin. 17 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve 21 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki<\/strong> bu g\u00f6rkemli cephe, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f estetik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. D\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck mermer s\u00fctun \u00e7ifti \u00fczerine oturan bu cephede, detayl\u0131 kabartmalar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ni\u015flerin i\u00e7inde boy g\u00f6steren d\u00f6rt kad\u0131n heykeli g\u00f6receksiniz. Onlar, bir insan\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle de iyi bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n sahip olmas\u0131 gereken **”D\u00f6rt Erdem”**i temsil ediyor:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Sophia:<\/strong> Bilgeli\u011fi ve akl\u0131,<\/li>\n
                          • Arete:<\/strong> Erdemi ve karakteri,<\/li>\n
                          • Episteme:<\/strong> \u0130limi ve bilimi,<\/li>\n
                          • Ennoia:<\/strong> Kaderi ve muhakemeyi sembolize ediyor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Tabii ki bug\u00fcn burada g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimiz asl\u0131na sad\u0131k kal\u0131narak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kopyalard\u0131r; zira bu can\u0131m heykellerin orijinalleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Viyana’daki Efes M\u00fczesi<\/strong>‘nde korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            Nem ve Rutubete Kar\u015f\u0131 Antik M\u00fchendislik<\/h3>\n

                            K\u00fct\u00fcphanenin i\u00e7ine do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fimizde, kendimizi antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bilgi merkezlerinden birinde buluyoruz. \u0130\u00e7eride, duvarlardaki \u00f6zel oyuklarda (ni\u015flerde) saklanan 12.000 ila 15.000 aras\u0131nda par\u015f\u00f6men ve papir\u00fcs rulosu<\/strong> bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

                            Peki, bu hassas par\u015f\u00f6menlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 nedir? Elbette nem ve rutubet! Romal\u0131 mimarlar bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in harika bir m\u00fchendislik y\u00f6ntemi geli\u015ftirdiler. Okuma odas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen i\u00e7 duvar ile d\u0131\u015f duvar\u0131n aras\u0131na, onlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zel bir koridor (podyum)<\/strong> in\u015fa ettiler. Bu sayede d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan s\u0131zacak nem de\u011ferli belgelere ula\u015fam\u0131yor, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n hazineleri y\u00fczy\u0131llarca kuru kalabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

                            K\u00fcllerinden Do\u011fan \u0130hti\u015fam<\/h3>\n

                            Celsus K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi tarih boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck badireler atlatt\u0131. MS 262 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong> meydana gelen feci bir depremde b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6rerek bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131lamaz hale geldi. Uzun as\u0131rlar boyunca sessizli\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fclen bu y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rmak ise modern arkeolojiye nasip oldu. 1970’li y\u0131llarda, Avusturya Arkeoloji ekibinden arkeolog Strocka ve mimar Hueber’in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir restorasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla, etrafa sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binlerce par\u00e7a tek tek birle\u015ftirildi ve k\u00fct\u00fcphane orijinal formuna yak\u0131n bir \u015fekilde yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

                            Bu b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici yap\u0131 o kadar etkileyicidir ki, yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00fclkemizin 20 milyon TL ve 20 YTL’lik banknotlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> arka y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcslemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            YAMA\u00c7 EVLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \u015eimdi Celsus K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nin o g\u00f6rkemli cephesinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p Kuretler Caddesi boyunca yukar\u0131ya, B\u00fclb\u00fcl Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n serin kuzey yamac\u0131na do\u011fru a\u011f\u0131r ad\u0131mlarla t\u0131rman\u0131yoruz. Hemen sa\u011f taraf\u0131m\u0131zda, \u00fczerini \u00f6rten o devasa, modern koruyucu \u00f6rt\u00fcyle bizi selamlayan bir i\u00e7 mimarl\u0131k ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 y\u00fckseliyor: Efes Yama\u00e7 Evler<\/strong>. Gelin, bu kap\u0131dan i\u00e7eriye ad\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 atal\u0131m ve M.S. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kentin sivil elitlerinin, o d\u00f6nemin varl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l r\u00fcya gibi bir ihti\u015fam i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bizzat tan\u0131kl\u0131k edelim.<\/p>\n

                            Dostlar, buras\u0131 tam 4 bin metrekarelik bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen devasa bir konut kompleksidir. \u0130lk ke\u015ffedildi\u011finde arkeologlar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yer d\u00f6\u015femelerinin o inan\u0131lmaz zengin i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ve kalitesi, \u00fcst katlar \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bile adeta bir z\u0131rh g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek alt katlardaki malzemeleri y\u00fczy\u0131llarca korumu\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

                            G\u00f6zlerinizi kapat\u0131p hayal edin: B\u00fclb\u00fcl Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dik yamac\u0131na kurulmu\u015f 3 ayr\u0131 teras \u00fczerinde, birbirine biti\u015fik nizamda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f 6 muhte\u015fem malikane. Kuretler Caddesi ile Yama\u00e7 Evler Caddesi aras\u0131nda kalan bu b\u00f6lge, antik kentin ‘insula’ ad\u0131 verilen dikey ve yatay kesi\u015fen sokak plan\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Kenarlar\u0131ndaki basamakl\u0131 dar yollardan ge\u00e7erek bu m\u00fcstakil evlerin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 aral\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

                            Peki, bir Roma asilinin evi nas\u0131ld\u0131? Her bir \u00fcnite yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 ila 600 metrekare geni\u015fli\u011findeydi. Evlerin kalbi, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131lan ve i\u00e7eriye g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcz\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayan o muazzam s\u00fctunlu avlulard\u0131<\/strong> (peristil). Kap\u0131lar\u0131n yukar\u0131s\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen pencerelerden ve demir \u00e7ubuklarla \u00e7evrili metal me\u015falelerden s\u00fcz\u00fclen \u0131\u015f\u0131klar, bu mermer s\u00fctunlar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatarak evlere mistik bir hava katard\u0131.<\/p>\n

                            Aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yere dikkat edin dostlar! Yama\u00e7 Evler\u2019deki zeminlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, hem kolay temizlenebilen hem de su ge\u00e7irmeyen siyah-beyaz geometrik mozaiklerle bezenmi\u015ftir. Ancak baz\u0131 evlerde aslan, Dionysos ve Medusa fig\u00fcrlerinin i\u015flendi\u011fi rengarenk mozaik sanat\u0131n\u0131n en nadide \u00f6rneklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Tabii kentin daha yoksul kesimlerinin evlerinde tu\u011fla, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum veya tahta kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, burada asillerin mermer bloklarla kapl\u0131 zeminlerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz. Evlerin duvarlar\u0131 ise harika fresklerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma o me\u015fhur Sokrates freski<\/strong> bu duvarlar\u0131n birinde as\u0131rlard\u0131r bizi bekliyor. Hatta 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Efes Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle ba\u015flayan bir restorasyon projesiyle tam 72 duvar resmi yeniden hayat bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            \u015eimdi biraz konfordan bahsedelim. Bu evlerde ya\u015famak adeta bir r\u00fcya gibiydi! Romal\u0131lar banyo keyfine ve temizli\u011fe \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Evlerin hemen hepsinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131n so\u011fuk havalarda s\u0131cakl\u0131k sa\u011flayan yeralt\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tma sistemleri (hipokaust)<\/strong> ve \u00f6zel banyolar bulunuyordu. Su ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ise avlulardaki kuyulardan ve \u00e7e\u015fmelerden kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Hadrianus d\u00f6neminde bu evler belediyenin ana su \u015febekesine de ba\u011fland\u0131. At\u0131k sular ise \u00f6zenle tasarlanm\u0131\u015f kanallarla kanalizasyon sistemine aktar\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ev sahipleri o kadar misafirperverdi ki, gelen konuklar\u0131n rahat\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine yak\u0131n yerlere umumi tuvaletler bile yerle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi!<\/p>\n

                            Gelin, evlerin g\u00fcneyindeki o serin, kayadan oyma odalara do\u011fru ge\u00e7elim. Buras\u0131 ev sahiplerinin \u00f6zel dinlenme alanlar\u0131yd\u0131. Duvarlar\u0131 mermerle, tavanlar\u0131 cam mozaiklerle kapl\u0131 bu odalarda cenneti tasvir eden, Dionysos ve Ariadne fig\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015farap sahnelerini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Hemen \u00f6n\u00fcndeki koridorda ise Triton ve deniz atlar\u0131n\u0131n (hippocamp) sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nefis bir deniz sava\u015f\u0131 mozai\u011fi uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            \u015eimdi sizleri bu kompleksin en ihti\u015faml\u0131 konutuna, \u00dcnite 1<\/strong>\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istiyorum. Yama\u00e7 Evler\u2019in kuzeydo\u011fusundaki en alt yama\u00e7ta yer alan, tam 950 metrekarelik bu devasa malikane, Dionysos\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck rahibi Caius Flavius Furius Aptus<\/strong>\u2019un ailesine aitti. Kuretler Caddesi\u2019nden do\u011frudan girilebilen bu ev, sosyal ve politik organizasyonlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ger\u00e7ek bir saray yavrusuydu.<\/p>\n

                            Bu evin g\u00fcneyinde, tam 178 metrekarelik, g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Mermer Oda<\/strong> yer al\u0131yor. Hadrianus d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilen bu oda, misafirleri a\u011f\u0131rlamak ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ziyafetler vermek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Duvarlar\u0131 ve zeminleri tamamen mermer kapl\u0131 olan bu salonda tam 9 adet b\u00fcy\u00fck sofa bulunuyordu ve bu sofalar\u0131n yerleri siyah-beyaz mozaik \u015feritlerle belirlenmi\u015fti. Odan\u0131n tam ortas\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fme ve g\u00fcney duvar\u0131ndan s\u0131zan taze su kayna\u011f\u0131, o s\u0131cak Ege g\u00fcnlerinde oday\u0131 serinletir, misafirlere harika bir ambiyans sunard\u0131. Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131nda ise mermer odan\u0131n devam\u0131nda, i\u00e7inde canl\u0131 bal\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fczd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tatl\u0131 su havzal\u0131 tonozlu bir ba\u015fka oda bizi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

                            Ancak bu g\u00f6rkemli ya\u015fam sonsuza dek s\u00fcrmedi dostlar. Yaz\u0131tlardan ve mermer kabartmalardan \u0130mparator Hadrianus d\u00f6nemindeki (M.S. 119 ve 121) o \u015fa\u015faal\u0131 g\u00fcnlerini takip etti\u011fimiz bu evler, \u00f6nce M.S. 220 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda Severus d\u00f6neminin sonlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131m ge\u00e7irdi. Ard\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir onar\u0131mla aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lsalar da, M.S. 270\/280 y\u0131llar\u0131nda meydana gelen o feci deprem, Yama\u00e7 Evler\u2019i bir daha eski haline d\u00f6nemeyecek \u015fekilde y\u0131kt\u0131. Felaketin ard\u0131ndan baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar onar\u0131lsa da, bu muazzam asiller mahallesi sessizli\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

                            Y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra, bu e\u015fsiz mozaik ve resimleri korumak amac\u0131yla 1970 ve 1980’lerde kaz\u0131lan alan\u0131n \u00fczerinin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi. Tam 38 y\u0131l s\u00fcren titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu muazzam \u00e7elik ve kuma\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131 tamamlanarak ziyarete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn, Borusan Holding’in 2007’den beri destekledi\u011fi Mermer Oda restorasyonu ve duvar resimlerini kurtarma projeleriyle bu tarih yeniden canlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            B\u00dcY\u00dcK T\u0130YATRO<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            Yama\u00e7 Evler\u2019den \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, antik kentin o me\u015fhur Mermer Cadde<\/strong>\u2019si boyunca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcyoruz. Yolun sonuna ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, sol taraf\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6\u011fe do\u011fru y\u00fckselen, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle insan\u0131 adeta b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen ve nefes kesen bir dev kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor bizi: Efes B\u00fcy\u00fck Tiyatrosu<\/strong>. Gelin, bu muazzam yap\u0131n\u0131n basamaklar\u0131na kurulal\u0131m ve r\u00fczgar\u0131n mermer s\u00fctunlar aras\u0131ndan f\u0131s\u0131ldad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o eski \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klara, alk\u0131\u015flara ve dualara kulak verelim.<\/p>\n

                            1. Panay\u0131r Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u011fr\u0131nda Y\u00fckselen Bir Yap\u0131t<\/h3>\n

                            Bu muhte\u015fem tiyatro, arkas\u0131n\u0131 Panay\u0131r Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dik eteklerine<\/strong> yaslam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n mimarlar\u0131, b\u00f6ylesine devasa bir yap\u0131y\u0131 in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in da\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal topografyas\u0131ndan, yani o e\u011fimli yamac\u0131ndan dahi bir \u015fekilde faydalanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tiyatronun ilk in\u015fa edildi\u011fi tarih asl\u0131nda Helenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019e (M\u00d6 3. ila 1. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) kadar uzan\u0131r; ancak bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duran o muazzam kal\u0131nt\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Roma d\u00f6neminin (MS 1. ve 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l) izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            Roma \u0130mparatoru Claudius (II. Claudius) d\u00f6neminde<\/strong> ba\u015flayan bu devasa in\u015faat s\u00fcreci hi\u00e7 de kolay olmam\u0131\u015f dostlar; yap\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 y\u0131l<\/strong> s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dile kolay, yar\u0131m as\u0131rdan fazla s\u00fcren bir emek!<\/p>\n

                            2. \u0130hti\u015fam\u0131n ve Sanat\u0131n Katmanlar\u0131: Sahne Binas\u0131<\/h3>\n

                            Tam kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131zda y\u00fckselen (ve bug\u00fcn maalesef sahne b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan) o sahne binas\u0131<\/strong> (skene), orijinalinde tam 3 katl\u0131 ve 18 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeydi<\/strong>. Her bir kat, Efes\u2019in o d\u00f6nemdeki zenginli\u011finin ve ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n birer g\u00f6stergesi olarak farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde eklenmi\u015fti. \u0130mparator Neron<\/strong> ve Septimius Severus<\/strong> d\u00f6nemlerinde sahne binas\u0131na ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc katlar in\u015fa edilerek yap\u0131 daha da g\u00f6rkemli hale getirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

                            Sahne binas\u0131n\u0131n tiyatroya, yani izleyicilere bakan i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc, \u0130mparator Neron\u2019un bizzat ekletti\u011fi harika mermer heykellerle, incecik oyulmu\u015f kabartmalarla ve g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 sanatsal eserlerle doluydu. Bug\u00fcn bu \u00e7ok s\u00fcsl\u00fc sahne binas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, o d\u00f6nemde sergilenen oyunlar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki bu g\u00f6rkemli dekor, oyunculara adeta tanr\u0131sal bir atmosfer sunuyordu.<\/p>\n

                            3. Kusursuz Akusti\u011fin S\u0131rr\u0131: \u00dc\u00e7 B\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc Akustik Deha<\/h3>\n

                            \u015eimdi oturdu\u011fumuz basamaklar\u0131 inceleyelim. Buras\u0131 24.000 ila 25.000 ki\u015filik kapasitesiyle<\/strong> antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k hava tiyatrosudur. Sadece bu say\u0131 bile, Efes\u2019in antik \u00e7a\u011fda nas\u0131l devasa bir metropol oldu\u011funu tek ba\u015f\u0131na kan\u0131tlamaya yeter.<\/p>\n

                            Tiyatronun seyirci oturma alan\u0131 (auditorium), antik tiyatrolarda \u00e7ok nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir: Tam \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur; ima, media ve summa<\/strong>. Her bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm kendi i\u00e7inde 22 basamakl\u0131 s\u0131ralara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (ancak en altta, orkestraya yak\u0131n olan mermerler zamanla tahrip olmu\u015ftur).<\/p>\n

                            Peki, mikrofonun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o antik \u00e7a\u011fda, en \u00fcst s\u0131rada oturan binlerce insan sahnedeki oyuncunun sesini nas\u0131l duyabiliyordu? \u0130\u015fte buradaki m\u00fchendislik dehas\u0131 devreye giriyor! Tamamen i\u00e7 b\u00fckey bir \u015fema<\/strong> sergileyen bu auditorium tasar\u0131m\u0131, ses akusti\u011finde meydana gelebilecek kusurlar\u0131 en aza indirgiyor ve sesi adeta bir dalga gibi en \u00fcst s\u0131ralara kadar kusursuzca ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu muazzam akusti\u011fi, sanatsal yap\u0131s\u0131 ve tarihi dokusu, tiyatronun bug\u00fcn hakl\u0131 olarak UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Listesi<\/strong>\u2019nde yer almas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

                            4. Vah\u015fi Arenalardan \u0130nanc\u0131n Sesine<\/h3>\n

                            Tiyatronun tam ortas\u0131ndaki o bo\u015f alana, yani orkestra b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne<\/strong> bakal\u0131m. \u0130lk in\u015fa edildi\u011finde Helenistik tarzda zarif bir “at nal\u0131” bi\u00e7iminde olan bu alan, Roma d\u00f6neminde yar\u0131m daire formuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Etraf\u0131 derin bir kanalla \u00e7evrili olan bu alan, sadece tiyatro oyunlar\u0131na veya m\u00fczik dinletilerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131yordu. Ge\u00e7 Roma d\u00f6neminde buras\u0131, vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131n sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gladyat\u00f6rlerin k\u0131yas\u0131ya sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 arenalara da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

                            Ancak bu tiyatroyu d\u00fcnya tarihi ve \u00f6zellikle dinler tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan as\u0131l olay ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Buras\u0131, Aziz Paul\u2019\u00fcn (St. Paul) vaazlar\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yapan yerdir<\/strong>. Paul\u2019\u00fcn burada verdi\u011fi vaazlar ve tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dini yayma \u00e7abalar\u0131, kentteki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fclerin (\u00f6zellikle Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 maketleri satarak zengin olanlar\u0131n) isyan etmesine ve binlerce Efeslinin bu tiyatroda toplanarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karga\u015fa yaratmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

                            Tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck dramalar\u0131na, en co\u015fkulu alk\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ve inan\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na sahne olan bu mermer basamaklar, bug\u00fcn sessizce K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes\u2019in uzakla\u015fan k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na bak\u0131yor ama ruhu hala ilk g\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi capcanl\u0131!<\/p>\n

                            Az \u00f6nce mermer basamaklar\u0131nda solukland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z o devasa yap\u0131n\u0131n kalbine, yani dillere destan ses akusti\u011finin s\u0131rr\u0131na<\/strong> biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m! Antik \u00e7a\u011fda ne mikrofonlar ne de elektronik ses sistemleri vard\u0131; ama sahnedeki bir oyuncunun f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131 bile en \u00fcst s\u0131radaki seyircinin kula\u011f\u0131na kadar farks\u0131zca ula\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

                            Efes B\u00fcy\u00fck Tiyatrosu\u2019nun bu muazzam ses akusti\u011fi, onun bug\u00fcn hakl\u0131 olarak UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Listesi<\/strong>\u2019nde yer almas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli gerek\u00e7elerinden biridir. Bu akustik mucizenin arkas\u0131nda, antik mimarlar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geometrik ve yap\u0131sal dehas\u0131 yat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

                            Tiyatronun oturma alan\u0131 olan auditorium, antik tiyatrolarda \u00e7ok az rastlanan bir \u00f6zellik olarak tam \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: ima, media ve summa<\/strong>. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin her biri kendi i\u00e7inde 22 basamaktan olu\u015fur. \u0130\u015fte as\u0131l s\u0131r, bu basamaklar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu o devasa kavisli yap\u0131da sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Tiyatronun auditorium alan\u0131 tamamen i\u00e7 b\u00fckey bir \u015fema<\/strong> sergileyecek bi\u00e7imde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            Bu kusursuz i\u00e7 b\u00fckey yap\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131, sesin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyerek ses akusti\u011finde meydana gelebilecek kusurlar\u0131 en aza indirgemektedir<\/strong>. Sahneden y\u00fckselen ses dalgalar\u0131, bu i\u00e7 b\u00fckey \u00e7anak sayesinde engellenmeden ve bozulmadan en \u00fcst s\u0131ralara kadar p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fczce ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece tiyatronun o devasa 25 bin ki\u015filik kapasitesi tamamen dolsa bile, en arkada oturan bir Efesli dahi sahnedeki trajediyi ya da melodiyi hi\u00e7bir ses kayb\u0131 ya\u015famadan keyifle dinleyebiliyordu.<\/p>\n

                            Antik m\u00fchendislerin mermere f\u0131s\u0131ldad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu akustik mucize, aradan ge\u00e7en binlerce y\u0131la ra\u011fmen bug\u00fcn hala \u00fczerine t\u0131rmanan her ziyaret\u00e7iyi b\u00fcy\u00fclemeye devam ediyor!<\/p>\n

                            AZ\u0130Z PAUL<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            B\u00fcy\u00fck Tiyatro\u2019nun o muhte\u015fem mermer basamaklar\u0131nda otururken, zihnimizde adeta ge\u00e7mi\u015fin sesleri yank\u0131lan\u0131yor, de\u011fil mi? Antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu en b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k hava tiyatrosunun inan\u00e7 tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan neden bu kadar mukaddes kabul edildi\u011fini merak ediyorsan\u0131z, tam olarak do\u011fru yerdesiniz.<\/p>\n

                            Bu devasa tiyatro, zaman\u0131nda Aziz Paul\u2019\u00fcn (St. Paul) ses tellerinden d\u00f6k\u00fclen vaazlara bizzat ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f, onun hitabetine sahne olmu\u015ftur<\/strong>. \u0130\u015fte s\u0131rf bu vaazlar nedeniyle bu g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131, Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00fcnyas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dini ve tarihi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            Ancak dostlar, her zaman d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilke edinmi\u015f bir rehber olarak size bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi f\u0131s\u0131ldamal\u0131y\u0131m: Elimizdeki bu mevcut kaynaklar, Aziz Paul\u2019\u00fcn o g\u00fcn bu tiyatroda tam olarak hangi c\u00fcmleleri kurdu\u011funu, vaaz\u0131n\u0131n kelimesi kelimesine i\u00e7eri\u011fini detayl\u0131ca bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            E\u011fer bu mermer basamaklar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda yatan o b\u00fcy\u00fck f\u0131rt\u0131nay\u0131, yani kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki tarihi vesikalardan bildi\u011fimiz o me\u015fhur hikayeyi dinlemek isterseniz, sizlere anlatmaktan b\u00fcy\u00fck keyif al\u0131r\u0131m.<\/p>\n

                            Peki, Tarih Sayfalar\u0131na G\u00f6re Aziz Paul Efeslilere Ne Anlat\u0131yordu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            Tarihsel kay\u0131tlara ve anlat\u0131lara g\u00f6re Paul, Efes halk\u0131na tek bir yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve insan eliyle yap\u0131lan mermer veya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f heykelciklerin asl\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek birer tanr\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> hayk\u0131r\u0131yordu. Onun bu yeni ve radikal \u00f6\u011fretisi, kentin inan\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 sarsmakla kalmad\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen koca bir ticari \u00e7ark\u0131 da do\u011frudan tehdit etti.<\/p>\n

                            \u00d6zellikle tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f maketlerini ve tanr\u0131\u00e7a heykelciklerini satarak b\u00fcy\u00fck servetler kazanan zanaatkarlar, bu vaazlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hem inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hem de kazan\u00e7 kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n baltalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca halk\u0131 galeyana getirdiler. Binlerce \u00f6fkeli Efesli, ellerinde Artemis tasvirleriyle bu tiyatroya ak\u0131n etti ve saatlerce “Efeslilerin Artemisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr!”<\/em> diye ba\u011f\u0131rarak Paul ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karga\u015fa ba\u015flatt\u0131. Paul’\u00fcn insan eliyle yap\u0131lan putlar\u0131 reddeden o me\u015fhur inan\u00e7 vaaz\u0131, i\u015fte bu devasa tiyatroyu sarsan o tarihi isyan\u0131n fitilini ate\u015flemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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                            Sevgili dostlar, her k\u00f6\u015fesinden tarih f\u0131\u015fk\u0131ran bu topraklar\u0131n en g\u00f6rkemli k\u00f6\u015felerinden birine, Efes Antik Kenti\u2019nin binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k hikayesine ho\u015f geldiniz!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2588,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[216,1,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ege-bolgesi","category-gezi","category-turkiye"],"a3_pvc":{"activated":true,"total_views":1,"today_views":0},"modified_by":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcl\u00fcn","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2586"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2589,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2586\/revisions\/2589"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2588"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}