{"id":1321,"date":"2025-12-19T10:14:13","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T07:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2026-02-16T14:36:03","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:36:03","slug":"korenin-kisa-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/korenin-kisa-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kore&#8217;nin K\u0131sa Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1321\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"1321\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 16px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 16\/16;\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p>Size &#8220;Sabah Sakinli\u011fi \u00dclkesi&#8221;nin kadim k\u00f6klerinden bug\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u0131ldayan g\u00f6kdelenlerine uzanan hikayesini, kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kronolojik bir s\u0131rayla anlataca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n<div class=\"icerik-index\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#gojoseon\">1. Gojoseon: Kore Tarihinin Efsanevi Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#uc-krallik\">2. \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#goguryeo\">2A. Goguryeo Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#baekje\">2B. Baekje Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#silla\">2C. Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#birlesik-silla\">3. Birle\u015fik Silla ve Balhae D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#goryeo\">4. Goryeo Hanedan\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#joseon\">5. Joseon Hanedan\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#japon-donemi\">6. Karanl\u0131k ve Direni\u015f: Japon \u0130\u015fgali (1910\u20131945)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#kore-savasi\">7. B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve Kore Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#guney-kore\">8. Modern G\u00fcney Kore<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"gojoseon\">1. Gojoseon: Kore Tarihinin Efsanevi Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Yolculu\u011fumuz, yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Paleolitik insanlar\u0131n bu topraklarda alet yapmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla start al\u0131yor. Ancak as\u0131l yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n ve seramik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izlerini M.\u00d6. 8.000&#8217;lerde, Neolitik d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz. Efsaneye g\u00f6re M.\u00d6. 2.333 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6klerden gelen Dangun, ilk Kore krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan <strong>Gojoseon<\/strong>\u2019u kurmu\u015ftur. Her ne kadar bu tarih bir efsaneye dayansa da, Gojoseon\u2019un M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en merkezi bir krall\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ektir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu ilk krall\u0131k, M.\u00d6. 108&#8217;de \u00c7in&#8217;in Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"uc-krallik\">2. \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<p>Gojoseon\u2019un y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra yar\u0131mada, &#8220;Proto-\u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; denilen bir karga\u015fa d\u00f6neminden ge\u00e7erek \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcce b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc: Kuzeyde ma\u011frur <strong>Goguryeo<\/strong>, g\u00fcneybat\u0131da denizci <strong>Baekje<\/strong> ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta zay\u0131f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ama hayatta kalma ustas\u0131 olan <strong>Silla<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"goguryeo\">2A. Goguryeo Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Goguryeo\u2019nun hikayesi, geleneksel kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re M.\u00d6. 37 y\u0131l\u0131nda, efsanevi lider Jumong (Kral Dongmyeongseong) taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Gojoseon\u2019un y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu krall\u0131k, Kuzey Kore ve g\u00fcney Man\u00e7urya\u2019n\u0131n sarp da\u011flar\u0131nda k\u00f6k sald\u0131. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda daha eski izlerine rastlansa da Goguryeo as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Buyeo krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcllerinden ve geleneklerinden ald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Buyeo, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan M.S. 494 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, bug\u00fcn Kuzey Kore ve g\u00fcney Man\u00e7urya topraklar\u0131nda yer alan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kadim devlettir. Gojoseon&#8217;un y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan bu krall\u0131k, asl\u0131nda Kore&#8217;nin o me\u015fhur \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemindeki dev g\u00fc\u00e7lerin de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve soyal genlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir isim babas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kore tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck akt\u00f6rlerinden hem Goguryeo hem de Baekje, k\u00f6klerinin bu bilge krall\u0131\u011fa dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gururla savunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta \u00f6yle ki, Baekje krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 538 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendine yeni bir kimlik ararken ismini resmen &#8220;Nambuyeo&#8221; yani G\u00fcney Buyeo olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Buyeo\u2019nun hikayesi zamanla farkl\u0131 kollara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ana krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bukbuyeo (Kuzey Buyeo), Dongbuyeo (Do\u011fu Buyeo) ve bizzat Goguryeo&#8217;nun do\u011fum yeri kabul edilen Jolbon Buyeo gibi isimlerle de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Ancak her b\u00fcy\u00fck hikaye gibi bunun da bir sonu vard\u0131; 494 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Buyeo&#8217;nun son kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kendi soyundan gelen ve giderek devle\u015fen Goguryeo taraf\u0131ndan tamamen absorbe edilerek tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131, Buyeo olmasayd\u0131 bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz o g\u00f6rkemli Kore hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hikayesi \u00e7ok eksik kal\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo denince akla gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck isim \u015f\u00fcphesiz B\u00fcy\u00fck Gwanggaeto\u2019dur. O ve o\u011flu Kral Jangsu, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu d\u00f6nemde Goguryeo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kuzeyde neredeyse t\u00fcm Man\u00e7urya\u2019y\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcneyde ise ezeli rakibi Baekje\u2019den bug\u00fcn Seul olarak bildi\u011fimiz b\u00f6lgeyi s\u00f6k\u00fcp alarak hakimiyet alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/li>\n<li>Kral Jangsu\u2019nun 79 y\u0131ll\u0131k uzun saltanat\u0131, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasi ve ekonomik kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fckemmelle\u015fti\u011fi bir istikrar d\u00f6nemi oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Goguryeo sadece k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 sallayanlar\u0131n diyar\u0131 de\u011fildi. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda da yar\u0131madaya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ettiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, M.S. 372 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kral Sosurim d\u00f6neminde Budizm\u2019i devlet dini olarak kabul eden ilk Kore krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldular. Ayr\u0131ca, Orta Asya\u2019daki Semerkand\u2019a kadar el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderen, uluslararas\u0131 arenada sayg\u0131 g\u00f6ren bir diplomasi a\u011f\u0131na sahiptiler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Aa. Devlere Kar\u015f\u0131 Direni\u015f (Sui ve Tang Sava\u015flar\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo, tarih sahnesindeki en militarist ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 devletlerden biriydi. \u00c7in\u2019in devasa hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri m\u00fccadeleler dilden dile anlat\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 612 y\u0131l\u0131nda kazan\u0131lan Salsu Sava\u015f\u0131, tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri zaferlerinden biridir. 1 milyondan fazla oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen Sui ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 General Eulji Mundeok\u2019un d\u00e2hice taktikleriyle kazan\u0131lan bu zafer, Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ab. Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri siyasi olarak parampar\u00e7a olan ve bir\u00e7ok devlete b\u00f6l\u00fcnen \u00c7in\u2019i, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda yeniden tek bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015faran g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Ancak bu h\u0131rsl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131k, birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindeki ma\u011frur krall\u0131k Goguryeo\u2019ya dikti.<\/p>\n<p>Hikaye asl\u0131nda bir &#8220;misilleme&#8221; sava\u015f\u0131yla ba\u015fl\u0131yor; Goguryeo\u2019nun 598 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131 \u00fczerine Sui \u0130mparatoru Wen Ti, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla Kore\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131ksa da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olup geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131. Fakat as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck f\u0131rt\u0131na bir sonraki imparator olan Yang Ti d\u00f6neminde koptu. \u0130mparator Yang Ti, 612 y\u0131l\u0131nda tarihte e\u015fine az rastlan\u0131r b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte, geleneksel kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re 1 milyondan fazla askerden olu\u015fan devasa bir orduyla Goguryeo\u2019yu istilaya kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo\u2019nun zeki generali Eulji Mundeok, bu devasa g\u00fcc\u00fc bir tuza\u011fa \u00e7ekerek Salsu (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Chongchon) Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Sui ordusunu tam anlam\u0131yla darmada\u011f\u0131n etti. S\u00f6ylenenlere g\u00f6re Yalu Nehri&#8217;ni ge\u00e7en 300.000 Sui askerinden sadece 2.700&#8217;\u00fc can\u0131n\u0131 kurtar\u0131p ka\u00e7abildi. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ma\u011flubiyet, Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sonun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Goguryeo\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu agresif sava\u015flar, hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n enerjisini ve insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen t\u00fcketince, Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 618 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131larak tarihin tozlu sayfalar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00c7in&#8217;i birle\u015ftiren ama Kore&#8217;nin sert kayas\u0131na \u00e7arparak kendi sonunu haz\u0131rlayan k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir imparatorluktu.<\/p>\n<p>Daha sonra gelen Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da uzun s\u00fcre direndiler. Hatta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc general Yeon Kaesomun liderli\u011finde Tang \u0130mparatoru Taizong\u2019u bile geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ac.Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in\u2019i y\u00f6neten, sanat\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcyle o d\u00f6nemin d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri kabul edilen bir imparatorluktur. Ancak onlar i\u00e7in Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de kuzeydeki ma\u011frur Goguryeo, a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken en zorlu ve prestijli bir engeldi.<\/p>\n<p>Hikayemiz \u015f\u00f6yle geli\u015fiyor: Tang \u0130mparatoru Taizong bizzat Goguryeo \u00fczerine devasa seferler d\u00fczenlese de Korelilerin \u00e7elik gibi savunmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famayarak geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu noktada Tang, strateji de\u011fi\u015ftirerek yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki stratejik hamlelerin ustas\u0131 Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile tarihi bir ittifak kurmaya karar verdi. Bu &#8220;Silla-Tang \u0130ttifak\u0131&#8221;, \u00f6nce 660 y\u0131l\u0131nda Baekje\u2019yi, ard\u0131ndan 668 y\u0131l\u0131nda o zamana kadar tek ba\u015f\u0131na kimsenin dize getiremedi\u011fi Goguryeo\u2019yu y\u0131karak yar\u0131madan\u0131n kaderini sonsuza dek de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak her b\u00fcy\u00fck ittifak gibi bu hikayede de bir yol ayr\u0131m\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131; zaferin ard\u0131ndan Tang, bu topraklarda kal\u0131c\u0131 olmak ve yar\u0131maday\u0131 do\u011frudan kendi askeri y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na almak istedi. Bu durum eski m\u00fcttefiki Silla&#8217;n\u0131n hi\u00e7 ho\u015funa gitmedi ve eski dostlar aras\u0131nda amans\u0131z bir hakimiyet sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Silla, eski d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 olan Goguryeo ve Baekje halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerini de yan\u0131na \u00e7ekerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi ve 676 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Tang ordular\u0131n\u0131 yar\u0131madadan tamamen kovmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece sava\u015flarla de\u011fil, b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mirasla da Kore&#8217;nin DNA&#8217;s\u0131na i\u015fledi. \u00d6rne\u011fin y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra kurulan Goryeo Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bug\u00fcn bile modern e\u011fitimin temellerinden say\u0131lan devlet memuru se\u00e7me s\u0131navlar\u0131n\u0131 (<em>kwag\u014f<\/em>) bizzat Tang sistemini model alarak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. K\u0131sacas\u0131 Tang, Kore tarihinde hem korkulan bir istilac\u0131 hem kader orta\u011f\u0131 bir m\u00fcttefik hem de y\u00fczy\u0131llarca s\u00fcrecek k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir rehber olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan en \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerden biridir<\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo y\u0131k\u0131lsa da ruhu ya\u015famaya devam etti. Sadece 30 y\u0131l sonra eski bir Goguryeo generali olan Dae Jo-yeong, kuzeyde Balhae krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurarak bu miras\u0131 devrald\u0131. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra yar\u0131maday\u0131 birle\u015ftiren Goryeo hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ismini do\u011frudan Goguryeo\u2019dan ald\u0131 ve kendisini bu kadim sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 devletin me\u015fru halefi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada &#8220;Korea&#8221; denince akla gelen isim, i\u015fte bu da\u011flar\u0131n ma\u011frur sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan, yani Goguryeo&#8217;dan bize yadigard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ad. Balhae Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo\u2019nun 668\u2019deki h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sadece 30 y\u0131l sonra, 698 y\u0131l\u0131nda eski bir Goguryeo generali olan Dae Jo-yeong sahneye \u00e7\u0131karak bu kadim topraklar\u0131 yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Balhae, bug\u00fcn Kuzey Kore, kuzey Man\u00e7urya ve hatta Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini kapsayan devasa bir co\u011frafyada h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcneyde Silla, kuzeyde ise Balhae\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Kore tarihinde &#8220;Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Devletleri D\u00f6nemi&#8221; olarak bilinen o me\u015fhur \u00e7ift kutuplu ama g\u00f6rkemli s\u00fcre\u00e7 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Balhae o kadar geli\u015fmi\u015f ve m\u00fcreffeh bir devletti ki, kom\u015fular\u0131 ona &#8220;Do\u011fu\u2019nun M\u00fcreffeh \u00dclkesi&#8221; ismini takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131nda devrin s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u00c7in\u2019deki Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n sistemlerini \u00f6rnek alm\u0131\u015f, sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir seviyeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki bu ihti\u015fam, 926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011folistan k\u00f6kenli Kitanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Liao Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Fakat bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 bir halk\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 demek de\u011fildi. Balhae\u2019nin son veliaht prensi ve on binlerce hane, o s\u0131rada g\u00fcneyde y\u00fckselen Goryeo Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Goryeo\u2019nun kurucusu Kral Wang Kon, Balhae halk\u0131n\u0131 &#8220;akraba \u00fclke&#8221; olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp kucak a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, hatta veliaht prensi kendi hanedan k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dahil etmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte tarih\u00e7iler, Goguryeo\u2019nun bu iki miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fti\u011fi bu an\u0131 &#8220;ger\u00e7ek ulusal birle\u015fme&#8221; olarak kabul ederler,.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lgin\u00e7 bir detay daha payla\u015fay\u0131m; y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra kurulan C\u00fcrcen (Jin) Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile k\u00f6kenlerini gururla Balhae halk\u0131na dayand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Balhae\u2019den kalan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar \u00e7ok az olsa da, onlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve medeni miras\u0131 Kore kimli\u011finin en derin k\u00f6klerinden biri olarak ya\u015famaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ae.C\u00fcrcen (Jin) Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goryeo&#8217;nun hem &#8220;evlad\u0131&#8221; hem de di\u015fli rakibi olan <strong>C\u00fcrcen (Jin) Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019na bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m isterseniz.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00fcrcenler, asl\u0131nda Amnok (Yalu) Nehri civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve uzun s\u00fcre Goryeo&#8217;ya vergi \u00f6deyen yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kabilelerdi. Ba\u015flarda Goryeo\u2019nun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ediyor, hatta Goryeo\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yeminleri ediyorlard\u0131. Ancak 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Wanyan klan\u0131ndan Aguda isimli h\u0131rsl\u0131 bir lider sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bu da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k kabileleri tek bir bayrak alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek 1.115 y\u0131l\u0131nda Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurdu.<\/p>\n<p>Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ki, sadece on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde o d\u00f6nemin dev g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Kitanlar\u0131n Liao Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131lar (1.125) ve hatta \u00c7in\u2019in kadim Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkentini ele ge\u00e7irdiler (1.127). Bu ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla bir anda Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;n\u0131n en korkulan g\u00fcc\u00fc haline geldiler.<\/p>\n<p>Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruldu\u011funda, C\u00fcrcenler Goryeo&#8217;yu &#8220;ebeveyn \u00fclke&#8221; veya &#8220;anne-baba \u00fclke&#8221; olarak nitelendiriyorlard\u0131. Bunun sebebi, hem Goryeo\u2019nun onlara ge\u00e7mi\u015fte k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir rehberlik yapmas\u0131 hem de Balhae halk\u0131yla ortak k\u00f6kenlere sahip olduklar\u0131na inanmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e i\u015fler biraz ciddile\u015fti. Goryeo, General Yun Kwan \u00f6nderli\u011finde C\u00fcrcenlere kar\u015f\u0131 &#8220;Byeolmuban&#8221; (\u00d6zel Sava\u015f Ordusu) ad\u0131nda elit bir s\u00fcvari birli\u011fi kurup onlarla sava\u015ft\u0131 ve kuzeyde &#8220;Dokuz Kale&#8221;yi in\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n<p>Fakat Jin\u2019in durdurulamaz y\u00fckseli\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Goryeo, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in 1126 y\u0131l\u0131nda diplomatik bir manevra yapt\u0131 ve Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc (vassall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) kabul etti. Yine de ilgin\u00e7tir ki, Goryeo krallar\u0131 kendi \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde &#8220;G\u00f6klerin O\u011flu&#8221; unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya devam ederek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 korudular.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; Kore\u2019nin kuzey kom\u015fusu olarak ba\u015flayan, Goryeo\u2019yu &#8220;ebeveyn&#8221; g\u00f6r\u00fcp sonra ona kafa tutan ve sonunda \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na h\u00fckmeden sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir imparatorluktur. Bu sert ama sayg\u0131l\u0131 kom\u015funun hikayesi, Kore\u2019nin diplomasi tarihindeki en ince denge oyunlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Af. Kitanlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kitanlar, Goryeo d\u00f6neminde Kore\u2019nin kuzey kom\u015fusu olan ve b\u00f6lgedeki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini sarsan, Mo\u011folistan k\u00f6kenli g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir halkt\u0131r. Tarih sahnesindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck &#8220;g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fclerini&#8221; ise 926 y\u0131l\u0131nda, &#8220;Do\u011fu\u2019nun M\u00fcreffeh \u00dclkesi&#8221; Balhae\u2019yi y\u0131karak kopard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Biliyorsunuz, Goryeo\u2019nun kurucusu Kral Wang Kon, Balhae\u2019yi &#8220;akraba \u00fclke&#8221; olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Kitanlar Balhae\u2019yi y\u0131k\u0131nca, Wang Kon onlara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nefret beslemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hatta Kitanlar bar\u0131\u015f eli uzat\u0131p hediye olarak 50 deve g\u00f6nderdi\u011finde, Wang Kon develeri bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc (Manbu K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc) alt\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmeye terk etti ve el\u00e7ileri s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderdi. Bu olay, iki g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki as\u0131rl\u0131k rekabetin fitilini ate\u015fleyen en me\u015fhur k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kitanlar (Liao Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131), o d\u00f6nemin d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kendilerini \u00c7in\u2019in kadim Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na rakip bir imparatorluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Goryeo\u2019nun Song ile yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in yar\u0131madaya \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck istila d\u00fczenlediler:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Birinci \u0130stila (993):<\/strong> Kitanlar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7le geldi ancak sava\u015f meydan\u0131ndan ziyade diplomasi masas\u0131nda kaybettiler. Goryeo&#8217;nun zeki diplomat\u0131 Seo Hui, Kitan komutan\u0131n\u0131 &#8220;as\u0131l miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Goryeo oldu\u011fu&#8221; konusunda ikna ederek, tek bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00e7ekmeden Yalu Nehri&#8217;nin do\u011fusundaki stratejik topraklar\u0131 Goryeo&#8217;ya kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130kinci \u0130stila (1.010):<\/strong> Bu sefer \u0130mparator Shengzong bizzat 400.000 ki\u015filik devasa bir orduyla geldi. Ba\u015fkent Kaesong\u2019u yak\u0131p y\u0131ksalar da Goryeo halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi ve lojistik sorunlar nedeniyle peri\u015fan bir halde geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u0130stila ve Kuju Zaferi (1.018):<\/strong> Kitanlar\u0131n son b\u00fcy\u00fck hamlesiydi. 100.000 ki\u015filik Kitan ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131, efsanevi general Kang Kam-ch&#8217;an sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kuju (Kuju Daecheop) sava\u015f\u0131nda Kitan ordusu tam anlam\u0131yla imha edildi. S\u00f6ylenene g\u00f6re koca ordudan sadece birka\u00e7 bin ki\u015fi can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarabildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu a\u011f\u0131r ma\u011flubiyetten sonra Kitanlar bir daha Goryeo\u2019ya sald\u0131rmaya cesaret edemediler ve b\u00f6lgede Goryeo, Liao ve Song aras\u0131nda hassas bir denge d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak her imparatorluk gibi onlar\u0131n da sonu yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. Kitanlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu Liao Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1.125 y\u0131l\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce bahsetti\u011fimiz o y\u00fckselen g\u00fc\u00e7, C\u00fcrcenler (Jin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131larak tarihin tozlu sayfalar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ag. Goguryeo Handenal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Din ve \u0130nan\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo, manevi d\u00fcnyada Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fc. Tarihler M.S. 372 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, Kral Sosurim d\u00f6neminde Budizm\u2019i devlet dini olarak kabul ederek bu kadim \u00f6\u011fretinin yar\u0131madadaki ilk dura\u011f\u0131 oldular. Ancak Budizm gelmeden \u00f6nce halk, do\u011faya ve atalar\u0131na derin bir sayg\u0131 duyan \u015famanistik k\u00f6klere sahipti. Budizm ile birlikte bu kadim inan\u00e7lar harmanland\u0131 ve krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi otoritesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren muazzam bir manevi har\u00e7 olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ah. Goguryeo Handenal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Sanat ve Mimari<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo sanat\u0131 dendi\u011finde, bug\u00fcn bile g\u00f6renleri b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen o devasa mezar odalar\u0131ndaki duvar resimlerinden (murals) bahsetmeden ge\u00e7emeyiz. Bu resimler sadece birer s\u00fcsleme de\u011fil; o d\u00f6nemin k\u0131yafetlerini, av sahnelerini, danslar\u0131n\u0131 ve mitolojisini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ta\u015f\u0131yan birer zaman makinesidir.<\/p>\n<p>Size \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir detay vereyim; \u00d6zbekistan\u2019daki Semerkand (Afrasiab) duvar resimlerinde, ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki iki ku\u015f t\u00fcy\u00fc ile kolayca tan\u0131nan Goguryeo el\u00e7ilerini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu, sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve diplomatik n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya&#8217;ya kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ai. Goguryeo Handenal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Edebiyat ve Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goguryeo\u2019da okuma yazma ve e\u011fitim \u00e7ok ciddiye al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Klasik \u00c7ince tutuyor olsalar da, kendi dillerini ka\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in harika bir sistem geli\u015ftirdiler: Idu. Hanja (\u00c7ince) karakterlerinin ses de\u011ferlerini kullanarak Eski Koreceyi yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7iren bu sistem, idari kay\u0131tlarda ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta b\u00fcy\u00fck kolayl\u0131k sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Maalesef o d\u00f6neme ait \u00e7ok fazla yaz\u0131l\u0131 eser g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmasa da, Goryeo d\u00f6neminde derlenen kaynaklar bizlere Goguryeo\u2019nun zengin bir s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyat ve \u015fiir gelene\u011fine sahip oldu\u011funu f\u0131s\u0131ld\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Aj.Goguryeo Handenal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Toplumsal Kimlik: Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama Bilge<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a disiplinli ve militarist bir karaktere sahipti. Ancak bu &#8220;sert&#8221; duru\u015f, sanat ve e\u011fitimle dengelenmi\u015fti. Kral Jangsu\u2019nun 79 y\u0131ll\u0131k uzun saltanat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda krall\u0131k, siyasi ve ekonomik kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirerek tam bir &#8220;Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f&#8221; ya\u015fad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaca bildi\u011fimiz &#8220;Korea&#8221; ismi bile, i\u015fte bu g\u00f6rkemli krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ismi olan &#8220;Goryeo\u201ddan (Goguryeo&#8217;nun di\u011fer ad\u0131) miras kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi Goguryeo sadece s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten bir askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fini in\u015fa eden bilge bir imparatorluktu.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"baekje\">2B. Baekje Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Baekje&#8217;nin hikayesi, M.\u00d6. 18 y\u0131l\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce konu\u015ftu\u011fumuz Goguryeo\u2019nun kurucusu Jumong\u2019un \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu olan Prens Onjo ile ba\u015flar. Onjo, kuzeydeki taht kavgalar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmak i\u00e7in yan\u0131na sad\u0131k tebaas\u0131n\u0131 alarak g\u00fcneye indi ve bug\u00fcn Seul olarak bildi\u011fimiz Han Nehri havzas\u0131nda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. Baekje ve Goguryeo asl\u0131nda ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten, kadim Buyeo krall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gelir; bu y\u00fczden Baekje halk\u0131 kendisini hep bu soylu miras\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta ilerleyen y\u00fczy\u0131llarda (538 y\u0131l\u0131nda) krall\u0131k ismini resmen &#8220;Nambuyeo&#8221; (G\u00fcney Buyeo) olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131 tescillemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ba. Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f ve Geunchogo (4. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje&#8217;yi ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi haline getiren isim \u015f\u00fcphesiz Kral Geunchogo\u2019dur. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda onun liderli\u011finde krall\u0131k:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mahan konfederasyonunun geri kalan devletlerini i\u00e7ine katarak yar\u0131madan\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcney hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131yla deniz \u00fczerinden yo\u011fun temaslar kurarak ileri teknolojiyi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc topraklar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6yle bir deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc haline geldi ki, tarih\u00e7iler Baekje\u2019yi &#8220;Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;n\u0131n Fenikelileri&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2Bb. Mahan<\/strong>, M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcren ve tarih\u00e7ilerin &#8220;Proto-\u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; veya &#8220;Samhan D\u00f6nemi&#8221; dedi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te, yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan devasa bir siyasi yap\u0131yd\u0131. &#8220;Mahan&#8221;, &#8220;Jinhan&#8221; ve &#8220;Byeonhan&#8221;dan olu\u015fan \u00dc\u00e7 Han konfederasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde hem toprak geni\u015fli\u011fi hem de siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en etkili olan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Neden &#8220;Konfederasyon&#8221; diyoruz? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Mahan tek bir merkezden y\u00f6netilen kat\u0131 bir krall\u0131k de\u011fil, tam 54 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletin bir araya gelmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f esnek bir birlikti. Bu devlet\u00e7ikler kendi i\u00e7lerinde yasalarla s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilir, toplumsal ya\u015famda dini rit\u00fceller ve inan\u0131\u015flar \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fin en ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131; Mahan asl\u0131nda gelecekteki o zarif Baekje krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hat\u0131rlarsan\u0131z Baekje&#8217;nin kurucusu Onjo, kuzeyden gelip Han Nehri havzas\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fte Baekje, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Mahan konfederasyonunun s\u0131radan bir \u00fcyesi olarak yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak zamanla g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Baekje, Mahan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fcyelerini yava\u015f yava\u015f kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Her g\u00fczel hikayenin bir birle\u015fme noktas\u0131 vard\u0131r. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, Baekje&#8217;nin en parlak h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kral Geunchogo, Mahan konfederasyonunun geri kalan t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek ele ge\u00e7irerek merkezi bir y\u00f6netim kurdu ve Mahan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Baekje krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Mahan, Kore tarihinin o &#8220;ge\u00e7i\u015f&#8221; d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcneydeki medeniyetin harc\u0131n\u0131 karan, 54 farkl\u0131 sesi tek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel potada eriten kadim bir birliktir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bc. Jinhan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6klerini anlamak i\u00e7in biraz daha geriye, M.\u00d6. 300 civar\u0131na gitmemiz gerekiyor. O d\u00f6nemde yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde &#8220;Jin&#8221; ad\u0131nda gizemli bir devlet h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u0130\u015fte bu kadim Jin devleti, M.\u00d6. 100 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda evrim ge\u00e7irerek kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za &#8220;Samhan&#8221; (\u00dc\u00e7 Han) olarak bildi\u011fimiz \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck konfederasyon \u015feklinde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Mahan, Byeonhan ve bizim bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kahraman\u0131m\u0131z Jinhan.<\/p>\n<p>Jinhan, t\u0131pk\u0131 bat\u0131 kom\u015fusu Mahan gibi tek bir kral taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen kat\u0131 bir devlet de\u011fildi. Aksine, kendi i\u00e7inde yasalarla s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilen 12 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7ikten olu\u015fan esnek bir konfederasyondu. Bu d\u00f6nemde demir teknolojisi o kadar geli\u015fmi\u015fti ki, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silahlar ve tar\u0131m aletleri sayesinde siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi haline gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Jinhan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnya tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi, bin y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrecek olan o g\u00f6rkemli Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Efsanelere ve geleneksel kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re; M.\u00d6. 57 y\u0131l\u0131nda, efsanevi lider Park Hyeokgeose, Jinhan i\u00e7indeki 6 farkl\u0131 \u015fefli\u011fi (klan\u0131) bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek Silla\u2019n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Zamanla Jinhan konfederasyonunun o 12 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7i\u011fi, Park Hyeokgeose&#8217;nin kurdu\u011fu ve giderek devle\u015fen Silla\u2019n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda kenetlendi. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, Silla art\u0131k t\u00fcm Jinhan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi b\u00fcnyesine katarak merkezi bir krall\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve Jinhan bir konfederasyon olarak tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Jinhan; Silla\u2019n\u0131n genlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan, g\u00fcneydo\u011funun sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve disiplinli ruhunu yo\u011furan o kadim be\u015fi\u011fin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Silla\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur alt\u0131n tac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeden \u00f6nce, onun Jinhan topraklar\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir &#8220;filiz&#8221; olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n izini s\u00fcrebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bd. Byeonhan<\/strong>, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 100 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda, yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki kadim Jin devletinin evrilmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan &#8220;Samhan&#8221; birli\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcyesinden biridir. Ancak onu karde\u015fleri Mahan ve Jinhan\u2019dan ay\u0131ran \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131: Demir. Byeonhan topraklar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Nakdong Nehri havzas\u0131, o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in &#8220;alt\u0131n&#8221; de\u011ferinde olan zengin demir yataklar\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n<p>Byeonhan da t\u0131pk\u0131 Jinhan gibi 12 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7ikten olu\u015fan esnek bir konfederasyon yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipti. Bu devlet\u00e7ikler kendi i\u00e7lerinde olduk\u00e7a disiplinliydi; kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z bu toplumlar\u0131n yasalarla s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netildi\u011fini ve dini rit\u00fcellerin toplumsal ya\u015famda \u00e7ok merkezi bir yer tuttu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n<p>Byeonhanl\u0131lar sadece demir \u00e7\u0131karmakla kalm\u0131yor, onu i\u015fleyip uzak diyarlara sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. &#8220;\u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k Kay\u0131tlar\u0131&#8221;na (Records of the Three Kingdoms) g\u00f6re Byeonhan; \u00fcretti\u011fi demiri kuzeydeki \u00c7in y\u00f6netimindeki Lelang b\u00f6lgesine ve deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kom\u015fusu olan Japonya\u2019daki Wa krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihra\u00e7 ediyordu. Hatta bu d\u00f6nemde demir, sadece bir hammadde de\u011fil, bir t\u00fcr para birimi gibi takas arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Zaman ilerledik\u00e7e, bu 12 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7i\u011fin i\u00e7indeki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fti. M.S. 42 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda Byeonhan konfederasyonu, yerini daha organize bir yap\u0131 olan ve yine demir ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131nacak olan Gaya Konfederasyonu\u2019na b\u0131rakt\u0131. Byeonhan\u2019\u0131n o zengin demir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve ticari zekas\u0131, Gaya\u2019n\u0131n genlerine i\u015fledi.<\/p>\n<p>Her ne kadar Byeonhan (ve halefi Gaya) ekonomik olarak \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olsa da, merkezi bir krall\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte ge\u00e7 kald\u0131lar. \u00c7evresindeki dev krall\u0131klarla girdi\u011fi sava\u015flar ve siyasi bask\u0131lar sonucunda, bu topraklar 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren sars\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve nihayetinde halefi olan Gaya\u2019n\u0131n 562 y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Silla<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ilhak edilmesiyle bu kadim s\u00fcre\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Byeonhan; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, demir i\u015fleme sanat\u0131 ve o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in devrim niteli\u011findeki uluslararas\u0131 ticaret a\u011f\u0131yla Kore tarihinin en m\u00fcreffeh sayfalar\u0131ndan birini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n miras\u0131, bug\u00fcn bile Kore\u2019nin sanayi ve \u00fcretim azminin k\u00f6klerinde hissedilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Be. Gaya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n hikayesi, M.S. 42 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nakdong Nehri&#8217;nin bereketli vadilerinde, daha \u00f6nce konu\u015ftu\u011fumuz Byeonhan konfederasyonunun k\u00f6kleri \u00fczerine filizlenerek ba\u015flar. Bu yap\u0131, tek bir kral\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi kat\u0131 bir merkezi krall\u0131k de\u011fil, tam aksine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 devletlerden olu\u015fan esnek bir konfederasyondu.<\/p>\n<p>Onlar\u0131n as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fc, topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki o parlayan &#8220;siyah alt\u0131na,&#8221; yani demire dayan\u0131yordu; Gaya o kadar zengin demir yataklar\u0131na sahipti ki, \u00fcrettikleri demir aletleri ihra\u00e7 ederek tar\u0131m\u0131n ve ticaretin merkezi haline geldiler. \u0130lk y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Gimhae b\u00f6lgesindeki Geumgwan Gaya bu birli\u011fe liderlik ederken, 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bayra\u011f\u0131 Goryeong b\u00f6lgesindeki Daegaya devrald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak bu zenginlik ve stratejik konum, Gaya&#8217;y\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki dev krall\u0131klar\u0131n, yani Goguryeo, Baekje ve Silla&#8217;n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131s\u0131 ve hedefi haline getirdi. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, merkezi bir devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fememeleri ve bitmek bilmeyen sava\u015flar sonucunda, Gaya 562 y\u0131l\u0131nda Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamen ilhak edilerek tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn onlardan bize kalan o muhte\u015fem alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar ve zarif tak\u0131lar, Gaya&#8217;n\u0131n asl\u0131nda ne kadar ince bir estetik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir kuyumculuk sanat\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu bizlere hala f\u0131s\u0131ldamaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bf. K\u00fclt\u00fcr K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc: Japonya&#8217;ya Uzanan El<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje sadece sava\u015flarla de\u011fil, as\u0131l &#8220;yumu\u015fak g\u00fcc\u00fcyle&#8221; tarihe damga vurmu\u015ftur. Budizm\u2019in, \u00c7ince karakterlerin (Hanja), geli\u015fmi\u015f seramik sanat\u0131n\u0131n, demir i\u015fleme tekniklerinin ve hatta mimari tarzlar\u0131n Japonya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc Baekje oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Japon k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temel ta\u015flar\u0131nda Baekje\u2019den giden bilgelerin ve zanaatkarlar\u0131n parmak izlerini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bg. Silla-Tang \u0130ttifak\u0131 (660)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ancak her g\u00fczel hikayenin bir h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc sayfas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Baekje, kuzeyde Goguryeo ile s\u00fcrekli bir rekabet halindeydi ve \u00f6zellikle Han Nehri b\u00f6lgesinin hakimiyeti i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llarca sava\u015ft\u0131. Silla krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta zay\u0131f olsa da kurnaz bir diplomasiyle \u00c7in\u2019deki Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bir ittifak kurunca dengeler de\u011fi\u015fti. 660 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Silla ve Tang ordular\u0131n\u0131n koordineli sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Baekje direnemedi ve y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Baekje saray\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, soylular\u0131n ve halk\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kadim m\u00fcttefikleri olan Japonya\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bh. Sonraki Baekje ve Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje\u2019nin ruhu halk\u0131n i\u00e7inde o kadar derin bir yer etmi\u015fti ki, y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra, 892 y\u0131l\u0131nda General Ky\u014fn Hw\u014fn sahneye \u00e7\u0131karak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131rmak ad\u0131na Ge\u00e7 (Sonraki) Baekje&#8217;yi (Later Baekje) kurdu. Bu devlet bir s\u00fcre Silla ve Goryeo ile &#8220;Sonraki \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; m\u00fccadelesi verse de sonunda 936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Goryeo taraf\u0131ndan birle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Baekje, Kore tarihinin en estetik eserlerini, &#8220;Gilt-bronze Incense Burner&#8221; gibi e\u015fsiz sanat harikalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakan, zarafeti ve denizci ruhuyla hat\u0131rlanan bir krall\u0131kt\u0131r. Baekje&#8217;nin o me\u015fhur nezaketi hala bu topraklarda hissedilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bi. Baekje D\u00f6neminde Din ve \u0130nan\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje denince akla gelen ilk \u015fey, sars\u0131lmaz bir inan\u00e7 ve bu inanc\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Baekje, Budizm\u2019in sadece bir takip\u00e7isi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7isiydi. Denizci yetenekleri sayesinde Budizm\u2019in hem Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;da yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda hem de antik Japonya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda hayati bir rol oynad\u0131lar. Onlar i\u00e7in Budizm sadece bir din de\u011fil; mimariden felsefeye, siyasetten sanata kadar her \u015feyi \u015fekillendiren bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imiydi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bj. Baekje D\u00f6neminde Sanat ve Zanaat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje\u2019nin sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, rakiplerinden \u00e7ok daha zarif ve naifti. Bug\u00fcn bile g\u00f6renleri hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren o me\u015fhur Baekje Yald\u0131zl\u0131 Bronz T\u00fcts\u00fc Br\u00fcl\u00f6r\u00fc (Gilt-bronze Incense Burner), bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n estetik dehas\u0131n\u0131n en somut \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Demir ve Seramik:<\/strong> Sadece t\u00fcts\u00fcl\u00fckler de\u011fil, demir i\u015fleme teknikleri ve ileri d\u00fczey seramik sanat\u0131nda da \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mimari ve Mezarlar:<\/strong> Baekje\u2019nin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi seremonik defin gelenekleri ve g\u00f6rkemli tap\u0131nak mimarisi, d\u00f6neminin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesindeydi. \u00d6yle ki, bu mimari tarzlar Japonya\u2019n\u0131n ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n da ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2Bk. Baekje D\u00f6neminde Edebiyat ve Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Edebiyat d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Baekje\u2019nin bir &#8220;k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131&#8221; oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00c7ince karakterlerin (Hanja) sistemle\u015ftirilmesi ve bu yaz\u0131 sisteminin Japonya&#8217;ya \u00f6\u011fretilmesinde Baekje bilgelerinin eme\u011fi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>O d\u00f6nemde Goguryeo, Baekje ve Silla dillerinin birbirine o kadar yak\u0131n ki, aralar\u0131nda bir terc\u00fcmana ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t yoktur. Bu da asl\u0131nda bu \u00fc\u00e7 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 devletler olsalar da ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u00f6kten beslendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Bl. Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;n\u0131n Fenikelileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baekje\u2019yi Baekje yapan as\u0131l \u015fey denizci ruhuydu. Tarih\u00e7iler onlar\u0131 &#8220;Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;n\u0131n Fenikelileri&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcney hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131 deniz ticareti sayesinde hem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hem de teknolojik bir transfer merkezi oldular. Antik Japonya\u2019ya sadece Budizm\u2019i de\u011fil; demir i\u015flemeyi, yaz\u0131 sistemini ve medeniyetin temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcren de yine bu denizci Baekje bilgeleriydi.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Baekje, sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131ndan ziyade zarafetiyle, sanat\u0131yla ve kurdu\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle tarihe imzas\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"silla\">2C. Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>\u015eimdi sizi zamanda bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p yar\u0131madan\u0131n en g\u00fcneydo\u011fusuna, o masals\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 alt\u0131n krall\u0131\u011fa, yani Silla\u2019n\u0131n kalbi Gyeongju\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyorum. Haz\u0131rsan\u0131z, en zay\u0131f halkadan dev bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bu hayatta kalma ustas\u0131n\u0131n epik hikayesini anlatay\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p>Silla\u2019n\u0131n hikayesi, geleneksel kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re M.\u00d6. 57 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Efsaneye g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcn Gyeongju olarak bildi\u011fimiz b\u00f6lgede Jinhan konfederasyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 alt\u0131 klan bir araya gelmi\u015f ve efsanevi lider Park Hyeokgeose\u2019yi krallar\u0131 se\u00e7erek Silla\u2019n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve o kadar zay\u0131f bir devletti ki, kom\u015fular\u0131 Baekje, Goguryeo ve hatta deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Japon korsanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli taciz ediliyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Silla\u2019y\u0131 rakiplerinden ay\u0131ran en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zellik, &#8220;Hwarang&#8221; yani &#8220;\u00c7i\u00e7ek Gen\u00e7ler&#8221; ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi o me\u015fhur e\u011fitim sistemidir. Bu sistem; sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda felsefe, m\u00fczik ve ahlak e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f bilge liderler yeti\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Bu gen\u00e7ler, Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc sadakat ve Budist merhamet ilkeleriyle yo\u011frulmu\u015f, &#8220;sava\u015fta asla geri \u00e7ekilme&#8221; yeminiyle Silla\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur disiplinli ruhunu olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hwarangdo, asl\u0131nda Silla\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netici se\u00e7kinleri (ruling elites) i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f benzersiz bir e\u011fitim kurumuydu. Ancak bu sistemi sadece bir &#8220;askeri okul&#8221; olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyin; Hwaranglar bir nevi &#8220;bilge sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar&#8221; yeti\u015ftirme oca\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte bu sistemi tam olarak neyin olu\u015fturdu\u011funa dair detaylar:<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ca. Ruh ve Bedenin Uyumu: E\u011fitim Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hwaranglar sadece k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 kullanmay\u0131\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmiyorlard\u0131. Bu gen\u00e7ler ayn\u0131 zamanda felsefe, m\u00fczik ve ahlak \u00fczerine derinle\u015fiyorlard\u0131. E\u011fer Silla\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemdeki zorlu jeopolitik durumu ve kom\u015fular\u0131yla (Goguryeo ve Baekje) olan bitmek bilmeyen sava\u015flar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, Hwaranglar muhtemelen Joseon d\u00f6nemindeki seonbi* (bilginler) gibi sadece masa ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan entelekt\u00fceller olarak kalacaklard\u0131. Ancak sava\u015f\u0131n so\u011fuk nefesi, onlar\u0131 binicilik, ok\u00e7uluk ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sava\u015f sanatlar\u0131nda uzmanla\u015fmaya zorlayarak sistemin militarist bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcnmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n<p>* Seonbi, Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan Yeni-Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc felsefenin en saf temsilcisi ve bu d\u00f6nemin entelekt\u00fcel simgesi olan bir bilginler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cb. Be\u015f Temel Kural: Sesok O-gye<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hwaranglar\u0131n hayat\u0131, Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc ve Budist \u00f6\u011fretilerin harmanlanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan kat\u0131 bir ahlak koduna dayan\u0131yordu. Her bir Hwarang \u015fu be\u015f temel kural\u0131 (bir nevi onlar\u0131n Bushido*\u2019su gibi) hayat\u0131n\u0131n merkezine koyard\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>* Bushido, Japon samuraylar\u0131n\u0131n uymak zorunda oldu\u011fu, sadakat, onur ve cesaret \u00fczerine kurulu o me\u015fhur ahlak koduna verilen isimdir<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Krala sadakat:<\/strong> Devletin birli\u011fi her \u015feyden \u00f6nce gelirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evlada yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r sayg\u0131 (Filial Piety):<\/strong> Anne ve babaya duyulan sars\u0131lmaz h\u00fcrmet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Arkada\u015fl\u0131kta g\u00fcven:<\/strong> Dostlar aras\u0131nda ihanete yer yoktu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sava\u015fta asla geri \u00e7ekilmeme:<\/strong> Bu kural Silla ordusunun disiplinli ve korkusuz ruhunu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Canl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olma (Merhamet):<\/strong> Gerekli olmad\u0131k\u00e7a can almamak ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrken bile bir hikmet g\u00f6zetmek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2Cc. Tarihi De\u011fi\u015ftiren Liderler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu sistemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, sadece iyi askerler de\u011fil, stratejik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen liderler yeti\u015ftirmesiydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Silla\u2019n\u0131n birle\u015fme s\u00fcrecindeki en kritik isimlerinden biri olan ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde d\u00e2hice stratejiler izleyen Kral Muyeol, i\u015fte bu Hwarangdo sisteminde yeti\u015fmi\u015f bir liderdi. Hwaranglar, Silla\u2019n\u0131n Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kurdu\u011fu ittifak s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda Tang ordular\u0131n\u0131 yar\u0131madadan kovarken g\u00f6sterilen halk direni\u015finin de organize edilmesinde kilit rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zetle, Hwaranglar Silla\u2019n\u0131n &#8220;Samuraylar\u0131&#8221; gibidir. Onlar, bir elinde kitap di\u011fer elinde k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 tutan, zarafetle g\u00fcc\u00fc ayn\u0131 potada eriten bir gelene\u011fin temsilcileridir. Silla\u2019y\u0131 yar\u0131madan\u0131n tek hakimi yapan as\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7, sadece askeri say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fil, bu gen\u00e7lerin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 o disiplinli ve bilge ruhtur.<\/p>\n<p>Silla askeri olarak \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki en zay\u0131f halkayd\u0131 ancak kurnazca bir diplomasiyle bu dezavantaj\u0131 avantaja \u00e7evirdi. Goguryeo ve Baekje bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilirken, \u00c7in\u2019deki Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile tarihi bir ittifak kurdular. Bu ittifak sayesinde \u00f6nce 660\u2019ta Baekje\u2019yi, ard\u0131ndan 668\u2019de o yenilmez denilen Goguryeo\u2019yu dize getirdiler. Ancak i\u015fler burada bitmedi! Tang ordusu yar\u0131madada kal\u0131c\u0131 olmak isteyince, Silla eski d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n halklar\u0131n\u0131 da yan\u0131na alarak Tang\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve 676 y\u0131l\u0131nda onlar\u0131 yar\u0131madadan tamamen kovarak birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Birle\u015fmeden sonra Silla, tam bir &#8220;Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f&#8221; ya\u015fad\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde ba\u015fkent Gyeongju, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fehri haline gelmi\u015fti ve her yer alt\u0131n saraylarla, pagodalarla doluydu.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 olan Bulguksa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve Seokguram Grotto, Silla\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nem ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 estetik ve mimari dehan\u0131n en somut kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Chang Pogo gibi liderler sayesinde Silla, \u00c7in ve Japonya aras\u0131ndaki deniz ticaretini domine eden bir deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak her b\u00fcy\u00fck hikaye gibi Silla\u2019n\u0131n da sonu yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren saray i\u00e7indeki taht kavgalar\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r vergiler krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flatt\u0131. Bu karga\u015fadan yararlanan yerel beyler ve eski krall\u0131klar\u0131n takip\u00e7ileri &#8220;Sonraki \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Nihayetinde 935 y\u0131l\u0131nda, tam 992 y\u0131l ve 56 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, son Silla kral\u0131 \u00fclkesini bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde yeni y\u00fckselen Goryeo Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na devrederek tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Gyeongju sokaklar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrken, o devasa mezar h\u00f6y\u00fcklerinin alt\u0131nda yatan Silla krallar\u0131n\u0131n ve o me\u015fhur alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar\u0131n f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hala duyabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cd. Silla D\u00f6neminde \u0130nan\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla krallar\u0131 i\u00e7in Budizm sadece bir inan\u00e7 de\u011fil, halk\u0131 bir arada tutan ve devleti y\u00fccelten manevi bir har\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6zellikle krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olan &#8220;Birle\u015fik Silla&#8221; d\u00f6neminde Budizm; mimariden felsefeye kadar her alana damga vurmu\u015f, Kore tarihindeki en etkili ve parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 listesinde yer alan ve Silla\u2019n\u0131n mimari dehas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren Bulguksa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile dev bir Buda heykelinin korudu\u011fu Seokguram Grotto, o d\u00f6nemin ruhani ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n en canl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Wonhyo, Uisang ve Kim Gyo-gak gibi bilge ke\u015fi\u015fler, sadece Kore&#8217;de de\u011fil, \u00c7in Budizmi \u00fczerinde de derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ce. Silla D\u00f6neminde Sanat ve Zanaat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla sanat\u0131 dendi\u011finde, g\u00f6zlerinizin \u00f6n\u00fcne o me\u015fhur ve g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar gelmeli. Silla\u2019n\u0131n metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, rakipleri olan Goguryeo ve Baekje\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak kuzeydeki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bozk\u0131r kavimlerinden ve hatta Perslerden (\u0130ran) gelen benzersiz etkilerle yo\u011frulmu\u015ftu. Sadece alt\u0131n de\u011fil, devasa boyutlar\u0131yla bilinen ve ne yaz\u0131k ki Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131nda yok olan 80 metrelik Hwangnyongsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 pagodas\u0131 gibi yap\u0131lar, onlar\u0131n m\u00fchendislikte ne kadar ileri gittiklerini g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Silla&#8217;n\u0131n bu b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici alt\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, onu kom\u015fular\u0131 olan Goguryeo ve Baekje&#8217;den ay\u0131ran en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerden biridir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Silla, sanat\u0131nda \u00c7in etkisinden ziyade daha egzotik bir rotay\u0131 takip etmi\u015ftir. Kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z, Silla&#8217;ya ait e\u015fsiz alt\u0131n metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin, kuzeydeki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bozk\u0131r kavimlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130ranl\u0131 halklardan ve \u00f6zellikle de Perslerden gelen derin etkiler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f o kadar k\u00f6kl\u00fcyd\u00fc ki, Persli \u00fcnl\u00fc co\u011frafyac\u0131 \u0130bn Hurdazbih, &#8220;Yollar ve Krall\u0131klar Kitab\u0131&#8221;nda Silla ile Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki uzun mesafeli ticari ba\u011flar\u0131 bizzat belgelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Silla&#8217;n\u0131n o me\u015fhur alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki ve tak\u0131lar\u0131ndaki ince detaylar, bozk\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr ruhu ile Pers sanat\u0131n\u0131n rafine esteti\u011finin harika bir birle\u015fimidir. Bu etkile\u015fim sayesinde Silla, sadece yar\u0131madan\u0131n bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131 ve Orta Asya&#8217;n\u0131n sanatsal dehas\u0131n\u0131 kendi potas\u0131nda eriten k\u00fcresel bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu alt\u0131n par\u0131lt\u0131lar sadece birer s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda binlerce kilometre \u00f6tedeki Persli ustalarla kurulan o kadim g\u00f6n\u00fcl ve ticaret ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en somut kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cf. Silla D\u00f6neminde Edebiyat ve Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla halk\u0131, duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in \u00c7ince karakterleri (Hanja) kendi dillerine uyarlayan Hyangchal sistemini geli\u015ftirdi. Bu sistemle yaz\u0131lan ve &#8220;Hyangga&#8221; denilen yerel \u015fiirler, Silla\u2019n\u0131n o zarif ve derin edebiyat gelene\u011finin en g\u00fczel meyveleridir. Ger\u00e7i bu \u015fiirlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda Goryeo d\u00f6neminde yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonradan anla\u015f\u0131lsa da Silla\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur &#8220;Cheoyongga&#8221; gibi hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelene\u011fi Kore kimli\u011finin temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cg. Kalbin ve Dilin Birle\u015fti\u011fi Nokta: Hyangchal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla halk\u0131, duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmek i\u00e7in Hyangchal ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir sistem geli\u015ftirdi. Bu sistem, \u00c7ince karakterlerin (Hanja) ses de\u011ferlerini kullanarak Eski Koreceyi yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fcyordu. \u0130\u015fte bu sayede, sadece saray kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, halk\u0131n kendi dilindeki o zarif ve derin duygular\u0131n\u0131, yani &#8220;Hyangga&#8221; denilen yerel \u015fiirleri okuma \u015fans\u0131na sahip oluyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ch. \u0130nsan \u0130li\u015fkileri ve Sosyal Drama: &#8220;Cheoyongga&#8221; \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla&#8217;da hayat her zaman g\u00f6rkemli tap\u0131nak t\u00f6renlerinden ibaret de\u011fildi; sokaklarda ve evlerde ger\u00e7ek insan hik\u00e2yeleri ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Hyangga \u015fiirlerinin en me\u015fhurlar\u0131ndan biri olan Cheoyongga, bize halk\u0131n sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131 ve ahlaki ikilemleri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir ipucu verir. Bu \u015fiir, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sadakatsizli\u011fiyle y\u00fczle\u015fen bir adam\u0131n hik\u00e2yesini anlat\u0131r. Bu bize g\u00f6steriyor ki; sadakat, evlilik i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve insani dramlar, o d\u00f6nemin \u015fiirsel d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck sohbetlerinin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Do\u011fu ba\u015fkentinin parlak ay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ge\u00e7 vakte kadar dans edip e\u011flendim. Eve gelip yata\u011f\u0131ma bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, D\u00f6rt bacak g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. \u0130kisi benim (e\u015fimin) olanlar, peki ya \u015fu di\u011fer ikisi kimin?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ci. Maneviyat\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hayata Yans\u0131mas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hyangga \u015fiirleri sadece dertleri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Silla halk\u0131n\u0131n sars\u0131lmaz inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da yans\u0131t\u0131r. Halk\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu \u015fiirler, Budist \u00f6\u011fretilerin ve yerel \u015famanistik inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda nas\u0131l i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bir Silla vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn boyu tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken veya sarayda hizmet ederken kalbinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 manevi huzur ya da korku, bu dizelerde hayat bulur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cj. Goryeo&#8217;ya Uzanan Bir Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu \u015fiirlerin halk taraf\u0131ndan ne kadar \u00e7ok sevildi\u011fini \u015furadan anl\u0131yoruz: Silla y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra, Goryeo d\u00f6neminde bile Hyangga gelene\u011fi yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Hatta bug\u00fcn Unified Silla d\u00f6nemine ait oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u015fiirlerin, asl\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemin ruhunu ya\u015fatan Goryeo insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131, Hyangga \u015fiirleri bize Silla insan\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir &#8220;sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131&#8221; ya da &#8220;tebaa&#8221; olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; seven, k\u0131skanan, dua eden ve esteti\u011fe a\u015f\u0131k olan, t\u0131pk\u0131 bizler gibi &#8220;ger\u00e7ek insanlar&#8221; oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Ck. Silla D\u00f6neminde K\u00fcresel Bir K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine i\u00e7ine kapal\u0131 bir krall\u0131k de\u011fildi; aksine, denizlerin hakimi Chang Pogo gibi liderler sayesinde \u00c7in ve Japonya aras\u0131ndaki deniz ticaretini domine eden bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. \u00d6yle ki, Silla&#8217;n\u0131n zenginli\u011fi ve ihti\u015fam\u0131, Ba\u011fdat merkezli Abbasiler d\u00f6nemindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bile hayranl\u0131kla kaydedilmi\u015fti. Ba\u015fkent Gyeongju, o d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fehri haline gelmi\u015f ve tam bir refah merkezi olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2Cl. Hwarang: K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Dans\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce de bahsetti\u011fimiz o me\u015fhur Hwarang (\u00c7i\u00e7ek Gen\u00e7ler) sistemi, Silla k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6zg\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bu gen\u00e7ler sadece k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 sallamay\u0131 de\u011fil; felsefeyi, \u015fiiri, m\u00fczi\u011fi ve ahlak\u0131 da \u00f6\u011frenerek, zarafetle g\u00fcc\u00fc ayn\u0131 potada eriten bir toplumsal model olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Silla&#8217;n\u0131n bin y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu uzun ve \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 hikayesi; alt\u0131n tak\u0131lar\u0131n par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131nda, tap\u0131naklar\u0131n sessizli\u011finde ve Hwaranglar\u0131n asil duru\u015funda sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"birlesik-silla\">3. Birle\u015fik Silla ve Balhae D\u00f6nemi (698\u2013926)<\/h2>\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nem, sadece askeri bir zaferin sonucu de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ruhsal bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir &#8220;R\u00f6nesans&#8221; d\u00f6nemidir.<\/p>\n<p>Silla g\u00fcneyde birli\u011fi sa\u011flarken, kuzeyde y\u0131k\u0131lan Goguryeo\u2019nun k\u00fcllerinden Balhae krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu. Tarih\u00e7iler bu d\u00f6neme &#8220;Kuzey-G\u00fcney Devletleri D\u00f6nemi&#8221; derler. Silla bu d\u00f6nemde sanat ve mimaride (Bulguksa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 gibi) bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f ya\u015farken; Balhae, &#8220;Do\u011fu\u2019nun M\u00fcreffeh \u00dclkesi&#8221; olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak zamanla Silla&#8217;n\u0131n merkezi otoritesi zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f ve yar\u0131mada tekrar &#8220;Sonraki \u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; d\u00f6nemine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3a. B\u00fcy\u00fck Birle\u015fme ve Uyum Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla, 676 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in&#8217;in Tang ordular\u0131n\u0131 yar\u0131madadan tamamen kovarak birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, sadece topraklar\u0131 de\u011fil g\u00f6n\u00fclleri de birle\u015ftirmek istedi. Kraliyet, &#8220;*Samhan\u2019\u0131n Birle\u015fmesi&#8221; ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir politika izleyerek, eski d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Baekje ve Goguryeo halk\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015flamak yerine onlar\u0131 kucaklad\u0131. Bunun en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fi, kurulan yeni merkez ordu Ku-s\u014fdang\u2019d\u0131r; bu orduda Silla, Baekje ve Goguryeo birliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Mohe* halk\u0131ndan birimler bile yan yana g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>* &#8220;Samhan&#8221; (\uc0bc\ud55c) kelime anlam\u0131 olarak <strong>&#8220;\u00dc\u00e7 Han&#8221;<\/strong> demektir ve yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcney kesiminde M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile M.S. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck konfederasyonu; yani <strong>Mahan<\/strong>, <strong>Jinhan<\/strong> ve <strong>Byeonhan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 temsil eder,. Tarih\u00e7ilerimiz bu s\u00fcreci &#8220;Proto-\u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131k&#8221; d\u00f6nemi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>* Mohe halk\u0131, asl\u0131nda antik \u00e7a\u011flarda Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kuzeyinde ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Man\u00e7urya topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir topluluktur. Onlar\u0131 sadece &#8220;kom\u015fu&#8221; olarak de\u011fil, Kore&#8217;nin o muazzam tarihsel dokusunun i\u00e7ine i\u015flenmi\u015f birer renk olarak g\u00f6rmeliyiz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3aa.Silla Ordusundaki Gizli G\u00fc\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok ilgin\u00e7tir ki, Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131 daha Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur birle\u015fme d\u00f6neminde bile sahnede g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Silla, yar\u0131maday\u0131 birle\u015ftirdikten sonra kurdu\u011fu <em>Ku-s\u014fdang<\/em> adl\u0131 merkez ordusunda sadece kendi halk\u0131na de\u011fil, eski d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 olan Baekje ve Goguryeo halk\u0131na, hatta Mohe birliklerine bile yer vermi\u015ftir. Bu ordu 9 birimden olu\u015fuyordu ve 1 birimi tamamen Mohe halk\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu da onlar\u0131n o d\u00f6nemdeki askeri yeteneklerinin ne kadar takdir edildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ab. Balhae&#8217;nin Do\u011fu\u015fundaki Ortakl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131n tarih sahnesindeki en g\u00f6rkemli an\u0131 ise Balhae Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kurulu\u015fuyla ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Goguryeo y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan 30 y\u0131l sonra, 698 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Balhae, tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla bir &#8220;Kore-Mohe devleti&#8221; olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Hatta krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucusu olan o efsanevi lider Dae Jo-yeong, baz\u0131 kaynaklarda eski bir Goguryeo generali, baz\u0131 kaynaklarda ise bir Sumo Mohe* \u015fefi olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. Balhae, bu iki halk\u0131n bir araya gelerek kuzeyde yeniden dev bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n hikayesidir.<\/p>\n<p>* &#8220;Mohe, antik \u00e7a\u011flarda bug\u00fcn Man\u00e7urya olarak bildi\u011fimiz topraklarda ve Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. &#8220;Sumo&#8221; ise bu geni\u015f Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki en etkili ve \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan kabilelerden birinin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Yani Sumo Mohe dedi\u011fimizde, Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;Sumo&#8221; koluna mensup olan insanlardan bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ac. Ticaret ve Diplomasi: Heishui Mohe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zaman ilerleyip Goryeo Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n o m\u00fcreffeh g\u00fcnlerine geldi\u011fimizde, Mohe isminin farkl\u0131 dallar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaya devam ediyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Kral Munjong&#8217;un h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, ba\u015fkent Kaesong&#8217;da d\u00fczenlenen o devasa Palgwanhoe* kutlamalar\u0131na Heishui Mohe (Kara Su Moheleri) el\u00e7ilerinin ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bu durum, Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki ticari ve diplomatik a\u011f\u0131n aktif bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu bizlere kan\u0131tl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131; Mohe halk\u0131, Silla&#8217;n\u0131n kalkan\u0131, Balhae&#8217;nin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131 ve Goryeo&#8217;nun ticari m\u00fcttefiki olarak Kore tarihinin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhu ve uyum yetene\u011fi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kore kimli\u011finin o karma\u015f\u0131k ama zengin genetik haritas\u0131nda hala ya\u015famaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n<p>* Palgwanhoe, Goryeo d\u00f6neminde her y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenen ve krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ulusal kutlamas\u0131 kabul edilen devasa bir organizasyondur. \u0130smi &#8220;Sekiz Yasak \u015eenli\u011fi&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelen bu t\u00f6renin k\u00f6kleri, Budist disiplin kurallar\u0131na (Sekiz Kural) dayan\u0131yordu. Ancak Kaesong sokaklar\u0131nda durum sadece dini bir t\u00f6renden ibaret de\u011fildi; bu \u015fenlik, Goryeo\u2019nun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi muazzam bir diplomatik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel g\u00f6vde g\u00f6sterisiydi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3b. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Metropol\u00fc: Gyeongju<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O d\u00f6nemde Silla\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Gyeongju, bug\u00fcn bir m\u00fcze \u015fehir olsa da o zamanlar Ba\u011fdat ve Konstantinopolis ile yar\u0131\u015fan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fehriydi. \u015eehir, refah ve zenginlik i\u00e7inde y\u00fczen bir ticaret merkeziydi. Bug\u00fcn UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 listesinde yer alan Bulguksa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve o me\u015fhur dev Buddha heykelinin bulundu\u011fu Seokguram Grotto, Silla mimarisinin ve estetik dehas\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zirveyi bizlere hala f\u0131s\u0131ldamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3c. Denizlerin Efendisi ve K\u00fcresel Ba\u011flar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine d\u00fcnyadan kopuk bir krall\u0131k de\u011fildi. Aksine, Chang Pogo gibi efsanevi denizciler sayesinde \u00c7in, Japonya ve Kore aras\u0131ndaki deniz ticaretini tamamen domine ediyorlard\u0131. Hatta \u00f6yle ki, Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 \u0130bn Hurdazbih, &#8220;Yollar ve Krall\u0131klar Kitab\u0131&#8221;nda Silla ile kurulan uzun mesafeli ticari ili\u015fkileri hayranl\u0131kla anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Silla\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur alt\u0131n tac\u0131ndaki metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, sadece yerel bir sanat de\u011fil; bozk\u0131r kavimlerinden ve Perslerden (\u0130ran) gelen egzotik etkilerin harika bir harman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3d. Ruhun Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131: Bilge Ke\u015fi\u015fler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde Budizm sadece bir inan\u00e7 de\u011fil, toplumun her h\u00fccresine s\u0131zan bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imiydi. Wonhyo ve Uisang gibi bilge ke\u015fi\u015fler, Budizm \u00f6\u011fretilerini sadece Kore\u2019de yaymakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, \u00c7in Budizmi \u00fczerinde de derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta Silla prensi Kim Gyo-gak&#8217;\u0131n \u00c7in&#8217;deki kutsal Jiuhua Da\u011f\u0131&#8217;ndaki etkisi o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, bu da\u011f bug\u00fcn hala \u00c7in Budizminin d\u00f6rt kutsal da\u011f\u0131ndan biri say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3e. G\u00f6rkemli Bir R\u00fcyan\u0131n Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ancak her g\u00fczel r\u00fcyan\u0131n bir sabah\u0131 vard\u0131r. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren saray i\u00e7indeki taht kavgalar\u0131 ve kat\u0131 &#8220;kemik r\u00fctbe&#8221; (bone-rank) sisteminin getirdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131fsal gerginlikler krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flatmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Nihayetinde Silla, 992 y\u0131l s\u00fcren ve 56 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bu uzun yolculu\u011fun sonunda, 935 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde bayra\u011f\u0131 Goryeo Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na devrederek tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ea. Kemik R\u00fctbe Sistemi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla\u2019n\u0131n o \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00f6rkemli tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda, toplumun iliklerine kadar i\u015flemi\u015f, bug\u00fcn bize olduk\u00e7a sert gelen bir hiyerar\u015fi sistemi vard\u0131: Kemik R\u00fctbe Sistemi (Golpumjedo).<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ea1. Kanla Gelen Kader: Sistemin \u00d6z\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla toplumunda her \u015fey, ama her \u015fey hangi &#8220;kemik&#8221; r\u00fctbesine do\u011fdu\u011funuzla ilgiliydi. Bu sistem, ki\u015finin sosyal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, hangi devlet makam\u0131na gelebilece\u011fini, hatta giydi\u011fi k\u0131yafetin renginden oturdu\u011fu evin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kadar her detay\u0131 belirleyen kat\u0131 ve kal\u0131tsal bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmayd\u0131. Ad\u0131na neden &#8220;kemik&#8221; dendi\u011fini merak ediyorsan\u0131z; bu, r\u00fctbenin et gibi ge\u00e7ici de\u011fil, kemik gibi kal\u0131c\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131ndan geliyordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ea2. Sosyal Piramidin Zirvesi ve Kat\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Piramidin en tepesinde &#8220;Kutsal Kemik&#8221; (Seonggol) ve hemen alt\u0131nda &#8220;Ger\u00e7ek Kemik&#8221; (Jingol) denilen soylular bulunurdu. Sadece bu r\u00fctbeden olanlar krall\u0131k taht\u0131na oturma hakk\u0131na sahipti. Ancak bu yap\u0131 o kadar kat\u0131yd\u0131 ki, zamanla toplumsal huzursuzluklara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Silla&#8217;n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde (8. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131) ya\u015fanan siyasi \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131n ve merkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenlerinden biri, bu sistemin getirdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131fsal kat\u0131l\u0131k ve adaletsizlikti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3f. Silla&#8217;y\u0131 Zay\u0131flatan Bir Pranga<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir sistem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki yetene\u011finiz ne olursa olsun, baban\u0131z\u0131n r\u00fctbesi neyse orada tak\u0131l\u0131p kal\u0131yorsunuz. \u0130\u015fte bu durum, \u00f6zellikle alt r\u00fctbedeki yetenekli insanlar\u0131n ve yerel liderlerin krall\u0131\u011fa olan sadakatini sarsmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Birle\u015fik Silla d\u00f6neminde, bu s\u0131n\u0131fsal gerginlikler o kadar artt\u0131 ki, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n o bin y\u0131ll\u0131k r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesine ve yerini daha &#8220;a\u00e7\u0131k&#8221; politikalara sahip Goryeo&#8217;ya b\u0131rakmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3g. Miras ve De\u011fi\u015fim: Goryeo\u2019nun Fark\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla&#8217;n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra kurulan Goryeo d\u00f6neminde, Wang K\u014fn bu hatadan ders \u00e7\u0131kararak daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir yol izledi. Silla\u2019n\u0131n kemik r\u00fctbe sisteminin aksine, Goryeo&#8217;da yetenekli b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n ve teknisyenlerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an, liyakate dayal\u0131 bir sistem (Kwag\u014f s\u0131navlar\u0131 gibi) benimsendi. Silla halk\u0131 o kat\u0131 kemik r\u00fctbe prangalar\u0131ndan kurtulup ortak bir &#8220;Koreli&#8221; kimli\u011finde birle\u015fmeye ancak o zaman ba\u015flayabildi.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi dostlar\u0131m, kemik r\u00fctbe sistemi Silla&#8217;ya uzun s\u00fcre istikrar sa\u011flasa da zamanla geli\u015fimin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel haline geldi. Silla&#8217;n\u0131n o muazzam alt\u0131n tac\u0131 bile, bu sistemin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 kapatmaya yetmedi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ga. Kwag\u014f S\u0131navlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hik\u00e2yemiz 10. y\u00fczy\u0131la, Goryeo Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kral Gwangjong d\u00f6nemine uzan\u0131yor. O d\u00f6nemde saray, &#8220;Hojok&#8221; denilen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yerel beylerin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Gwangjong, devlet y\u00f6netimini bu soylular\u0131n tekelinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p merkezi otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in d\u00e2hice bir ad\u0131m att\u0131: 958 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemini \u00f6rnek alarak Kwag\u014f ad\u0131 verilen devlet memurlu\u011fu s\u0131navlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bu s\u0131navlar\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 sadece bir idari karar de\u011fil, toplumsal bir depremdi! Kwag\u014f sayesinde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Devlet memurlar\u0131 art\u0131k soylu do\u011fduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, e\u011fitimli ve sad\u0131k olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Silla d\u00f6neminin o kat\u0131 ve ge\u00e7ilmez &#8220;Kemik R\u00fctbe&#8221; (Bone-rank) sisteminin aksine, daha geni\u015f bir yetenek havuzundan, zeki b\u00fcrokratlar ve teknisyenler devlete kazand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>E\u011fitime verilen \u00f6nem artt\u0131 ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc sadakat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yo\u011frulmu\u015f, devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir &#8220;yeni b\u00fcrokrat&#8221; s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 do\u011fdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sanmay\u0131n ki bu s\u0131navlar sadece tozlu klasik kitaplardan ibaretti! Kwag\u014f sistemi zamanla dallara ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong d\u00f6neminde (1430) t\u0131p alan\u0131nda uzmanla\u015fmak isteyenler i\u00e7in <strong>\u016cigwa<\/strong> (t\u0131p s\u0131nav\u0131) m\u00fcfredat\u0131 reforme edilerek i\u00e7ine \u00c7in t\u0131bb\u0131 ve veterinerlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi dersler eklendi. Hatta Sejong, kendi icad\u0131 olan o muazzam <strong>Hangul<\/strong> alfabesini bile bu b\u00fcrokratik s\u0131navlara dahil etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, halk\u0131n dilinin y\u00f6netimde de yank\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Kwag\u014f, Goryeo\u2019dan Joseon\u2019a kadar y\u00fczy\u0131llarca Kore toplumunun vicdan\u0131 ve y\u00fckselme arac\u0131 oldu. Bu s\u0131navlar, Joseon\u2019un o me\u015fhur Seonbi (bilgin-beyefendi) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n da temel ta\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak zaman de\u011fi\u015fti, modernle\u015fme sanc\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu kadim sistem, 1894 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Kabo Reformlar\u0131 ile resmen kald\u0131r\u0131lana kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 y\u0131l boyunca Kore\u2019nin entelekt\u00fcel omurgas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Kore\u2019deki o me\u015fhur &#8220;s\u0131nav maratonu&#8221; k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6klerini ar\u0131yorsan\u0131z, i\u015fte tam burada, 958 y\u0131l\u0131nda yak\u0131lan o Kwag\u014f me\u015falesine bakmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Bilginin g\u00fc\u00e7ten daha de\u011ferli oldu\u011fu o g\u00fcnlerin havas\u0131n\u0131 soluyoruz sanki.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3gb. Kabo Reformlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1894 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011fimizde Joseon, hem d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bask\u0131s\u0131 hem de i\u00e7eride patlak veren Donghak K\u00f6yl\u00fc \u0130syan\u0131 ile sars\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fte bu f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 atmosferde, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayakta tutmak ve modern d\u00fcnyaya uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in &#8220;Kabo Reformlar\u0131&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen o devasa yenilik hareketi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nem Joseon&#8217;un &#8220;eski&#8221;den kopup &#8220;yeni&#8221;ye kanat \u00e7\u0131rpt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en radikal s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n<p>Kabo Reformlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bombas\u0131 toplumsal yap\u0131dayd\u0131. S\u0131k\u0131 durun; y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r toplumun bel kemi\u011fini olu\u015fturan o kat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f sistemi ve k\u00f6lelik, 1894 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu reformlarla tamamen yasakland\u0131. Art\u0131k kimse do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen r\u00fctbesiyle \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck taslayamayacak, yangban denilen soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n o sars\u0131lmaz ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 birer birer tarihe kar\u0131\u015facakt\u0131. Bu, Kore insan\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u015fafa\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Hat\u0131rlarsan\u0131z, \u00f6nceki duraklar\u0131m\u0131zda bilginlerin y\u00fckselme kap\u0131s\u0131 olan o me\u015fhur Kwag\u014f devlet memurlu\u011fu s\u0131navlar\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftik. \u0130\u015fte Kabo Reformlar\u0131 ile yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu kadim s\u0131nav sistemi 1894 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmen kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Art\u0131k sadece Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs klasiklerini ezberlemek yetmiyor, modern devlet y\u00f6netiminde liyakat ve uzmanl\u0131k \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Kabo Reformlar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n en duygusal yanlar\u0131ndan biri \u015fudur: Sejong&#8217;un icad\u0131ndan tam 400 y\u0131l sonra, Hangul nihayet devletin resmi yaz\u0131\u015fma dili ve alfabesi olarak kabul edildi. Art\u0131k halk\u0131n dili, saray\u0131n da dili olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n<p>Bu reform s\u00fcreci sadece ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalmad\u0131; hukuk sisteminden ekonomi y\u00f6netimine kadar her alanda Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda modernle\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak sevgili misafirler, bu d\u00f6nem maalesef Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki etkisini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f tehdit alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi o karma\u015f\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Kabo Reformlar\u0131; Joseon\u2019un eski, a\u011f\u0131r ve hantal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerinden at\u0131p modern bir &#8220;Kore \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8221;na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nceki o en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en cesur hamlesidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3h. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da \u0130nan\u00e7: Budizm\u2019in Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da Budizm, sadece tap\u0131naklara hapsolmu\u015f bir inan\u00e7 de\u011fil; devletin birli\u011fini sa\u011flayan ve sanat\u0131 \u015fahland\u0131ran ana g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6nemde Budizm o kadar geli\u015fti ki, Wonhyo ve Uisang gibi bilge ke\u015fi\u015flerin \u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7in\u2019e kadar ula\u015ft\u0131 ve oradaki Budist \u00f6\u011fretileri bile derinden etkiledi. Hatta Silla prensi Kim Gyo-gak, \u00c7in\u2019deki kutsal Jiuhua Da\u011f\u0131&#8217;nda b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlerle bug\u00fcn hala \u00c7in Budizminin en sayg\u0131n fig\u00fcrlerinden biri olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Halk, inanc\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015flara kaz\u0131yarak bug\u00fcn UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 olan muazzam Bulguksa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ve dev bir Buda heykelinin korudu\u011fu Seokguram Grotto\u2019yu in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3i. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da Sanat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silla\u2019ya bo\u015funa &#8220;Alt\u0131n Krall\u0131k&#8221; demiyoruz; bu d\u00f6nemin sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 zenginlik ve zarafetin harika bir harman\u0131d\u0131r. Silla\u2019n\u0131n o me\u015fhur alt\u0131n ta\u00e7lar\u0131 ve metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, sadece yerel bir yetenek de\u011fil; kuzeydeki bozk\u0131r kavimlerinden ve hatta kadim Pers (\u0130ran) sanat\u0131ndan gelen egzotik etkiler ta\u015f\u0131r. Mimari alanda ise, ne yaz\u0131k ki bug\u00fcn sadece kaidesini g\u00f6rebildi\u011fimiz 80 metrelik devasa Hwangnyongsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 pagodas\u0131 gibi yap\u0131lar, o d\u00f6nemin m\u00fchendislik dehas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3j. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da Edebiyat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Edebiyat d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Silla halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi duygular\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7ince karakterleri (Hanja) kullanarak kendi dillerine uyarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Hyangchal<\/strong> sistemini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu sistemle yaz\u0131lan ve &#8220;Hyangga&#8221; denilen yerel \u015fiirler, halk\u0131n a\u015fklar\u0131n\u0131, ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve dualar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir rehber olarak size f\u0131s\u0131ldayabilirim ki; o d\u00f6nemde anlat\u0131lan efsanevi hikayeler ve \u015fiirler, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra bile Goryeo d\u00f6neminde sevilerek okunmaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3k. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da K\u00fcresel Ticaret<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fkent <strong>Gyeongju<\/strong>, o d\u00f6nemde Ba\u011fdat ve Konstantinopolis ile yar\u0131\u015fan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc metropol\u00fcyd\u00fc. \u015eehir o kadar zengindi ki, Ba\u011fdat merkezli Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi\u2019nin co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 <strong>\u0130bn Hurdazbih<\/strong>, Silla ile kurulan ticari ba\u011flar\u0131 hayranl\u0131kla kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Denizlerin hakimi <strong>Chang Pogo<\/strong> gibi liderler sayesinde Silla; \u00c7in, Japonya ve Orta Do\u011fu aras\u0131nda mekik dokuyan gemilerle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc kurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3l. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019da Sosyal Yap\u0131 ve Yolun Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ancak bu par\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 hayat\u0131n ard\u0131nda, &#8220;Kemik R\u00fctbe&#8221; (Bone-rank) denilen ve ki\u015finin kaderini do\u011fumla belirleyen \u00e7ok kat\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f sistemi vard\u0131. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren bu sistemin getirdi\u011fi huzursuzluklar, a\u011f\u0131r vergiler ve taht kavgalar\u0131 Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e zay\u0131flatmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta halk\u0131n ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu ve yerel beylerin isyanlar\u0131, bu g\u00f6rkemli devleti 935 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde Goryeo\u2019ya teslim olmaya zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte Birle\u015fik Silla; Budist bilgeli\u011fin, alt\u0131n tak\u0131lar\u0131n par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel ticaretin bulu\u015ftu\u011fu o masals\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3m. Chang Pogo\u2019nun Hikayesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi rotam\u0131z\u0131 Gyeongju\u2019nun alt\u0131n saraylar\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131p u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z mavi sulara, Do\u011fu Asya denizlerinin ger\u00e7ek hakimi olan bir efsaneye \u00e7eviriyoruz: <strong>Chang Pogo<\/strong> (Jang Bogo).<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer Birle\u015fik Silla d\u00f6neminde ya\u015f\u0131yor olsayd\u0131n\u0131z ve denizden bir mal getirtmek isteseydiniz, kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacak tek bir isim olurdu. Gelin, &#8220;Denizler Tanr\u0131s\u0131&#8221; olarak da an\u0131lan bu vizyoner liderin hikayesine beraber bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3ma. Denizlerin Efendisi: Bir Ticaret \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>ve 9. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Silla Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 en g\u00f6rkemli d\u00f6nemlerini ya\u015farken denizlerde Chang Pogo\u2019nun r\u00fczgar\u0131 esiyordu. O, sadece bir amiral de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in, Kore ve Japonya aras\u0131ndaki deniz ticaretini tamamen avucunun i\u00e7ine alan dahi bir stratejistti. Birle\u015fik Silla&#8217;n\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Fenikelileri gibi denizlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurdu\u011funu ve bu ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131n\u0131n Chang Pogo oldu\u011funu biliyoruz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>3mb. Silla&#8217;n\u0131n D\u00fcnyaya A\u00e7\u0131lan Kap\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chang Pogo\u2019nun vizyonu Silla topraklar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Onun liderli\u011finde Silla halk\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in Shandong Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;nda ve Yangtze Nehri&#8217;nin a\u011fz\u0131nda kendi yerle\u015fim birimlerini ve deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 kurdular. Bu b\u00f6lgeler, bug\u00fcn bile Silla\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemdeki k\u00fcresel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn birer ni\u015fanesi olarak kabul edilir. Hayal edin; bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Koreli t\u00fcccarlar \u00c7in limanlar\u0131nda kendi mahallelerini kurmu\u015f, ticaretin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 koyuyorlard\u0131!<\/p>\n<p><strong>3mc. K\u00fcresel Bir K\u00f6pr\u00fc: Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan Japonya\u2019ya<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chang Pogo sayesinde Silla, sadece kom\u015fular\u0131yla de\u011fil, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr ucuyla da ba\u011f kurmu\u015ftu. \u00d6yle ki, o d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc Persli co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 \u0130bn Hurdazbih, kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Yollar ve Krall\u0131klar Kitab\u0131&#8221;nda Silla ile Abbasiler aras\u0131ndaki o muazzam ticari ba\u011flar\u0131 bizzat belgelemi\u015ftir. Silla\u2019n\u0131n limanlar\u0131na sadece ipek ve seramik de\u011fil; Ortado\u011fu&#8217;nun egzotik kokular\u0131 ve baharatlar\u0131 da Chang Pogo&#8217;nun g\u00fcvenli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 rotalar \u00fczerinden ula\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3md. Miras ve Cesaret<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Onun hikayesi, Birle\u015fik Silla&#8217;n\u0131n denizci ruhunu en tepeye ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Baekje&#8217;nin o kadim denizcilik yeteneklerini devralan Silla, Chang Pogo d\u00f6neminde East Asya denizlerinde tek hakim g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015fti. Korsanlar\u0131 temizleyen, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli k\u0131lan ve Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya merkezi yapan bu asil ruh, bug\u00fcn hala Koreliler i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel vizyonun simgesidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte Birle\u015fik Silla; alt\u0131n\u0131n par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131, denizin tuzu ve Budist bilgeli\u011fin harmanland\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kore kimli\u011finin temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fendi\u011fi o e\u015fsiz zamand\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"goryeo\">4. Goryeo Hanedan\u0131 (918\u20131392)<\/h2>\n<p>General Wang Kon, 918&#8217;de Goryeo\u2019yu kurarak yar\u0131maday\u0131 yeniden tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131; bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lan &#8220;Korea&#8221; ismi i\u015fte bu hanedanl\u0131ktan gelir. Budizm\u2019in devlet deste\u011fiyle zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, ticaret o kadar geli\u015fmi\u015fti ki Arap t\u00fcccarlar bile ba\u015fkent Kaesong\u2019a geliyordu. Kaesong, bug\u00fcn Kuzey Kore s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Tarihi belgelerde buras\u0131 sadece Kaesong de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda &#8220;Gaegyeong&#8221; (\u0130mparatorluk Ba\u015fkenti) olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r. Bir d\u00f6nem d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan, hatta Orta Do\u011fu\u2019dan bile t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ak\u0131n etti\u011fi, ticaretin ve sanayinin kalbinin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir metropold\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Goryeo, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tam 30 y\u0131l direnmi\u015f, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Budist \u00f6\u011fretileri korumak i\u00e7in 81.000&#8217;den fazla ah\u015fap blo\u011fa kaz\u0131nan &#8220;Tripitaka Koreana&#8221;y\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4a. Tripitaka Koreana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4a1. \u0130\u015fgale Kar\u015f\u0131 Bir Dua: \u0130lk Bask\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tripitaka Koreana, Budist kutsal metinlerinin (Tripitaka) ah\u015fap bloklar \u00fczerine kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki en eksiksiz ve en \u00f6nemli koleksiyonlar\u0131ndan biridir. Hik\u00e2ye, 1.011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Goryeo Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Khitan istilalar\u0131yla sars\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o zor g\u00fcnlerde ba\u015flar. Krall\u0131k, Buda&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yan\u0131na alarak \u00fclkeyi savunmak amac\u0131yla bu devasa kaz\u0131ma i\u015flemine giri\u015fmi\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 6.000 ciltten olu\u015fan ilk versiyonu 1087 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.,<\/p>\n<p><strong>4a2. K\u00fcllerinden Do\u011fan Bir Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki tarih her zaman nazik davranm\u0131yor; bu ilk set, 1.232 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan bir yang\u0131nda tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur., Fakat Goryeo halk\u0131 pes etmedi! 1.236 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kral Gojong, Mo\u011follar\u0131 manevi bir g\u00fc\u00e7le kovmak \u00fcmidiyle bu kutsal metinlerin yeniden kaz\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti.,<\/p>\n<p><strong>4a3. &#8220;Palman Daejanggyeong&#8221;: 81.258 Ah\u015fap Blok<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Halk aras\u0131nda &#8220;Seksen Binlik K\u00fclliyat&#8221; (Palman Daejanggyeong) olarak bilinen bu ikinci versiyonu tamamlamak tam 15 y\u0131l s\u00fcren i\u011fneyle kuyu kazar gibi bir emek gerektirdi., Bug\u00fcn Haeinsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir titizlikle korunan bu hazine, tam olarak 81.258 ah\u015fap bask\u0131 blo\u011fundan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.,<\/p>\n<p><strong>4a4. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Standart Kabul Etti\u011fi \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sevgili dostlar, bu bloklar o kadar y\u00fcksek kalitede ve hatas\u0131z kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 y\u0131l boyunca t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;daki Budist metinler i\u00e7in standart referans kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Hatta o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in&#8217;deki Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile bu eserden hayranl\u0131kla bahsetmi\u015ftir., Silla ve Goryeo&#8217;nun o me\u015fhur &#8220;Budizm&#8217;in Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131&#8221; ruhu, i\u015fte bu ah\u015fap y\u00fczeylerde hayat bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4a5. UNESCO ve Ya\u015fayan Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu e\u015fsiz eser, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kore&#8217;nin Ulusal Hazinesi ilan edilmi\u015f, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise UNESCO D\u00fcnya Belle\u011fi Kayd\u0131\u2019na al\u0131narak t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n miras\u0131 tescillenmi\u015ftir. Ah\u015fab\u0131n bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bloklar h\u00e2l\u00e2 her y\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131k havada kurutularak temizlenmekte ve y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinin bilgeli\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4b. Haeinsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Buras\u0131 sadece bir ibadethane de\u011fil, bir milletin azminin ve zekas\u0131n\u0131n ah\u015faba kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f hik\u00e2yesidir.<\/p>\n<p>Gyeongju\u2019nun alt\u0131n tozlu tarihinden biraz uzakla\u015f\u0131p, yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcneyine do\u011fru yol al\u0131yoruz. Haeinsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, bug\u00fcn G\u00fcney Gyeongsang b\u00f6lgesinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu tap\u0131nak muhte\u015fem Gaya Da\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u2014Gayasan\u2014 derinliklerinde, huzurlu bir orman\u0131n kalbinde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4c. Janggyeong Panjeon (Emanet Depolar\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n en y\u00fcksek ve en \u00f6zel k\u0131sm\u0131na do\u011fru t\u0131rmand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za &#8220;Janggyeong Panjeon&#8221; \u00e7\u0131kar. Buras\u0131 paha bi\u00e7ilemez bir hazine olan Tripitaka Koreana&#8217;n\u0131n, yani o me\u015fhur Budist kutsal metinlerinin kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ah\u015fap bask\u0131 bloklar\u0131n\u0131n sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Emanet Depolar\u0131&#8221;d\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131lar, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bu kutsal emanetlere ev sahipli\u011fi yapan kadim k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4d. Haeinsa Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u00a0 ve Janggyeong Panjeon\u2019un Mimari \u00d6zellikleri ve Koruma Dehas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Haeinsa ve \u00f6zellikle Janggyeong Panjeon\u2019u d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda e\u015fsiz k\u0131lan \u015fey, i\u00e7indeki hazineyi korumak i\u00e7in sergilenen mimari dehad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ya\u015fayan Bir K\u00fct\u00fcphane:<\/strong> Janggyeong Panjeon, tam 81.258 adet orijinal ah\u015fap bask\u0131 blo\u011funu korumak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bloklar o kadar y\u00fcksek kalitede i\u015flenmi\u015ftir ki, yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 y\u0131l boyunca t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;da standart referans kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Do\u011fal \u0130klimlendirme:<\/strong> Yap\u0131lar\u0131n mimari tasar\u0131m\u0131, modern teknoloji olmadan bile muazzam bir koruma sa\u011flar. Pencerelerin stratejik yerle\u015fimi ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck farklar\u0131 sayesinde i\u00e7eride kusursuz bir do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma olu\u015fur; ayr\u0131ca zeminindeki k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve tuz katmanlar\u0131 nemi dengeler. Bu deha sayesinde, Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1236-1251 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda) yeniden haz\u0131rlanan bu bloklar, tek bir bozulma bile ya\u015famadan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manevi Mimari:<\/strong> Tap\u0131nak, UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve en eksiksiz Budist doktrin metin koleksiyonlar\u0131ndan biri olarak tescillenmi\u015ftir. Mimari yap\u0131s\u0131, Goryeo d\u00f6nemindeki Budist sanat\u0131n\u0131n ve bilimsel ilerlemesinin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 o muazzam zirveyi simgeler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4e. Goryeo D\u00f6neminde \u0130nan\u00e7: Budizm\u2019in Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goryeo denince akla gelen ilk \u015fey, Budizm\u2019in sadece bir inan\u00e7 de\u011fil, devletin bizzat kendisi olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Birle\u015fik Silla\u2019n\u0131n o g\u00f6rkemli Budist miras\u0131 burada zirveye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f; ba\u015fkentte 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tam 70 tap\u0131nak y\u00fckselmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tripitaka Koreana<\/strong>: Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131 gibi zor zamanlarda halk, Budizm&#8217;in g\u00fcc\u00fcne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kral Gojong\u2019un emriyle tam 15 y\u0131lda haz\u0131rlanan ve bug\u00fcn 81.258 ah\u015fap bloktan olu\u015fan o devasa k\u00fclliyat, Goryeo insan\u0131n\u0131n inanc\u0131n\u0131n ve sabr\u0131n\u0131n en somut kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ke\u015fi\u015fler ve Okullar<\/strong>: Jinul gibi bilge isimler, Budist \u00f6\u011fretileri toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4f.\u00a0 Goryeo D\u00f6neminde Sanat: &#8220;Kral Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131&#8221; Ye\u015fili ve Sedef<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goryeo sanat\u0131, zarafetin ve teknik ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu bir \u015faheserler galerisidir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Goryeo Celadon (Koryo S\u00fcladonu)<\/strong>: D\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc bu seramikler, o me\u015fhur &#8220;kral bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131&#8221; (kingfisher) rengiyle Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;nda bile hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle sanggam denilen kakma tekni\u011fiyle seramiklerin \u00fczerine i\u015flenen motifler, Goryeo&#8217;nun estetik dehas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici rengin as\u0131l kahraman\u0131, hem serami\u011fin hamurunda (kilinde) hem de \u00fczerine s\u00fcr\u00fclen s\u0131rda bulunan demirdir. Goryeo ustalar\u0131, odun k\u00fcl\u00fcyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 demir i\u00e7erikli \u00f6zel bir s\u0131r kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak s\u0131rf demiri s\u00fcrmek yetmiyor; o rengin &#8220;canlanmas\u0131&#8221; i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir f\u0131r\u0131nlama s\u00fcreci gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Seramikler, &#8220;ejderha f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131&#8221; denilen ve \u00c7in tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6zel uzun f\u0131r\u0131nlarda pi\u015firilirdi. \u0130\u015fin p\u00fcf noktas\u0131, pi\u015firme s\u0131ras\u0131nda f\u0131r\u0131ndaki oksijeni azaltmakt\u0131; biz buna teknik olarak &#8220;indirgenmi\u015f atmosfer&#8221; diyoruz. Oksijen azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u0131rdaki demir kimyasal bir tepkimeye girerek o me\u015fhur mavi-gri-ye\u015fil spektrumuna b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bu rengi sadece ye\u015fil de\u011fil de, o derin ve parlak &#8220;kral bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131&#8221; rengi yapan gizli bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131 daha var: S\u0131r\u0131n i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ok az miktardaki titanyum kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mineral dokunu\u015fu, rengi daha ye\u015filimsi ve canl\u0131 bir tona kayd\u0131rarak o e\u015fsiz derinli\u011fi sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Goryeo sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bununla da yetinmediler. Sanggam ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir kakma tekni\u011fi geli\u015ftirdiler. Serami\u011fin \u00fczerine motifler kaz\u0131y\u0131p i\u00e7ini siyah (manyetit) veya beyaz (kuvars) killerle dolduruyorlard\u0131; bu z\u0131t renkler o \u015feffaf, ye\u015filimsi s\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131ndan par\u0131ldayarak kral bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 rengine muazzam bir zarafet kat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Bu seramikler o kadar kusursuzdu ki, o d\u00f6nemin dev g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u00c7in&#8217;in Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;ndaki bilgeler bile Goryeo s\u00fcladonlar\u0131n\u0131 &#8220;d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyisi&#8221; olarak selaml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sedef Kakmal\u0131 Lake:<\/strong> Aristokrasinin ve Budist ayinlerin vazge\u00e7ilmezi olan sedef kakmal\u0131 kutular ve e\u015fyalar, o d\u00f6nemde Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019nun en k\u0131ymetli sanat eserleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4g.\u00a0 Goryeo D\u00f6neminde Edebiyat ve Matbaa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goryeo, e\u011fitimin ve kayda ge\u00e7menin kutsal say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Johannes Gutenberg&#8217;den tam 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Goryeo halk\u0131 metal hareketli harflerle kitap basmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1.234 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lan Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun ((Eski ve Yeni Rit\u00fcellerin Belirlenmi\u015f Metni), bu teknolojinin ne kadar erken geli\u015fti\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kim Pusik gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bilginler Samguk sagi (\u00dc\u00e7 Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tarihi) gibi dev eserleri kaleme al\u0131rken, aristokrasi Klasik \u00c7ince \u015fiirle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Hatta Silla&#8217;dan miras kalan Hyangga \u015fiirlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funun asl\u0131nda Goryeo d\u00f6neminde yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonradan anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; me\u015fhur Cheoyongga bunlardan biridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4h. Goryeo D\u00f6neminde Palgwanhoe ve \u0130slam Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Goryeo sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan \u00e7ok daha kozmopolitti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Palgwanhoe<\/strong>: Bu devasa ulusal kutlama, sadece dini bir t\u00f6ren de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Arap t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n, Japon el\u00e7ilerin ve kuzeyli Mohe halk\u0131n\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 bir ticaret \u015f\u00f6leniydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130slam ve Soju<\/strong>: 1024 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n gelmesiyle Kaesong\u2019da camiler (Ye-Kung) y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir bilgi olarak; bug\u00fcn Kore denince akla gelen Soju, asl\u0131nda 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenilen dam\u0131tma teknikleriyle (Arak) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131; Goryeo, bir elinde kutsal metinleri, di\u011fer elinde zarif seramikleri tutan; limanlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7an ve liyakati liyakat s\u0131navlar\u0131yla (Kwag\u014f) ta\u00e7land\u0131ran modern bir ruhun hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"joseon\">5. Joseon Hanedan\u0131 (1392\u20131910)<\/h2>\n<p>General Yi Seong-gye, bir darbe ile Goryeo\u2019yu y\u0131karak Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc temellere dayanan Joseon\u2019u kurdu. Joseon&#8217;un en parlak y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, halk\u0131n okuma yazma \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in bizzat Hangul alfabesini icat eden B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong\u2019dur. Joseon; 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Japon ve ard\u0131ndan Man\u00e7u istilalar\u0131yla sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, zamanla d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapanarak &#8220;M\u00fcnzevi Krall\u0131k&#8221; olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5a. Kaplumba\u011fa Gemilerin<\/strong> <strong>(Geobukseon) Hik\u00e2yesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1592 ve 1598 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Joseon Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Japon istilalar\u0131yla (Imjin Sava\u015f\u0131) sars\u0131l\u0131rken, Amiral Yi Sun-sin denizlerde adeta bir efsane yaz\u0131yordu. Peki, bu Japon donanmas\u0131na korku salan Kaplumba\u011fa Gemiler tam olarak neydi?<\/p>\n<p>Bu gemi sadece bir ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131 de\u011fil, d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in devrim niteli\u011finde bir teknoloji harikas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gemiler, devasa ve heybetli yap\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7evik hareket edebiliyorlard\u0131. Hem bir sald\u0131r\u0131 gemisi hem de sars\u0131lmaz bir kale gibi tasarlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Geminin en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bir kaplumba\u011fa kabu\u011funu and\u0131ran kavisli bir \u00e7at\u0131yla kapl\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ama bu s\u0131radan bir \u00e7at\u0131 de\u011fildi! \u00dczeri keskin demir \u00e7ivilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hayal edin; d\u00fc\u015fman askerleri gemiye atlay\u0131p kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek istediklerinde, bu \u00e7iviler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden gemiye ayak bile basam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu d\u00e2hice dokunu\u015f, o d\u00f6nemin deniz sava\u015flar\u0131ndaki en yayg\u0131n strateji olan &#8220;aborda etme&#8221; y\u00f6ntemini tamamen i\u015flevsiz k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Kaplumba\u011fa Gemiler sadece savunma yapm\u0131yordu; onlar ayn\u0131 zamanda birer h\u00fccum canavar\u0131yd\u0131. &#8220;Mahmuzlama&#8221; (ramming) kapasitesine sahip olan bu gemiler, d\u00fc\u015fman kad\u0131rgalar\u0131na \u00e7arparak onlar\u0131 parampar\u00e7a edebiliyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7indeki toplarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu gemiler, her y\u00f6nden ate\u015f kusabiliyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Amiral Yi Sun-sin, bu yenilik\u00e7i gemileri ve \u00fcst\u00fcn stratejik zekas\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak Japon donanmas\u0131n\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle bu deniz zaferleri, Joseon Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en kritik d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerden biri oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Kore\u2019de kime sorsan\u0131z size Amiral Yi Sun-sin\u2019in ne kadar sayg\u0131n bir fig\u00fcr oldu\u011funu anlatacakt\u0131r; hatta kendisi pop\u00fcler anketlerde B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong&#8217;u bile geride b\u0131rakarak halk\u0131n en sevdi\u011fi tarihi ki\u015filik se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fkent Seul&#8217;deki Sava\u015f M\u00fczesinde bu geminin i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve o me\u015fhur demir \u00e7ivilerini yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6rebilece\u011finiz, asl\u0131na uygun in\u015fa edilmi\u015f etkileyici bir replika bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b. Imjin Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;na (1592\u20131598)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu sava\u015f, sadece iki kom\u015fu aras\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019nun kaderini belirleyen ve &#8220;Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131&#8221; olarak da an\u0131lan devasa bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b1. F\u0131rt\u0131nadan \u00d6nceki Sessizlik ve Bir Hata<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sava\u015f\u0131n ayak sesleri asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nceden duyulmu\u015ftu. Japonya\u2019y\u0131 birle\u015ftiren Toyotomi Hideyoshi, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Asya k\u0131tas\u0131na dikmi\u015f ve Kore&#8217;yi \u00c7in\u2019e (Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) giden bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc olarak kullanmak istemi\u015fti. Joseon saray\u0131 durumu anlamak i\u00e7in Japonya&#8217;ya el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdi; ancak el\u00e7iler d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde birbirine z\u0131t raporlar verdiler. Bu siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnme nedeniyle maalesef gereken \u00f6nlemler zaman\u0131nda al\u0131namad\u0131 ve 1592 bahar\u0131nda Joseon, haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z bir \u015fekilde istilaya yakaland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b2. Amiral Yi Sun-sin ve Kaplumba\u011fa Gemiler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sava\u015f\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren en b\u00fcy\u00fck kahraman, \u015f\u00fcphesiz hepimizin ismini sayg\u0131yla and\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amiral Yi Sun-sin\u2019dir. Joseon donanmas\u0131, Amiral&#8217;in dehas\u0131 ve teknolojik bir mucize olan Kaplumba\u011fa Gemiler (Geobukseon) sayesinde denizlerde Japon ikmal hatlar\u0131n\u0131 fel\u00e7 etti. Bu gemiler; masif yap\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7evik hareket kabiliyetleri ve \u00fczerindeki demir \u00e7ivilerle kapl\u0131 z\u0131rhlar\u0131yla Japon ordusuna korku sald\u0131. E\u011fer Yi Sun-sin denizleri kapatmasayd\u0131, bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir tarih anlat\u0131yor olabilirdik.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b3. Karadaki Direni\u015f: Hwacha ve G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Ordular<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sadece denizlerde de\u011fil, karada da inan\u0131lmaz bir direni\u015f vard\u0131. Uibyeong denilen &#8220;Do\u011fruluk Ordular\u0131&#8221; (g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc k\u00f6yl\u00fc ordular\u0131), Japon birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 gerilla taktikleriyle sava\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde Joseon teknolojisinin bir ba\u015fka harikas\u0131 olan Hwacha (roketli ok bataryas\u0131) sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce oku ayn\u0131 anda f\u0131rlatabilen bu \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl makineler, Japon istilac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 karada durdurmakta hayati bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b4. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ttifak ve Zaferin Bedeli<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Joseon, bu zor g\u00fcnlerinde m\u00fcttefiki olan \u00c7in&#8217;in Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;ndan da askeri destek ald\u0131. Ortak g\u00fc\u00e7ler, 1598 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Japonlar\u0131 tamamen yar\u0131madadan atmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ancak zaferin bedeli \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131; her iki \u00fclke de b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verdi, \u015fehirler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta Joseon&#8217;un o paha bi\u00e7ilemez tarihi kay\u0131tlar\u0131 olan <em>Veritable Records<\/em> (Sillok) kopyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu 1592&#8217;deki ilk sald\u0131r\u0131larda yan\u0131p k\u00fcl oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5b5. Bir Milletin Do\u011fu\u015fu ve K\u0131r\u0131lmayan Haf\u0131za<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu sava\u015f\u0131n Kore halk\u0131 \u00fczerindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck miras\u0131, ortak bir &#8220;etnik kimlik&#8221; ve &#8220;ulusal bilin\u00e7&#8221; duygusunun do\u011fu\u015fudur. Halk; diliyle, inanc\u0131yla ve vatan sevgisiyle tek bir yumruk haline geldi. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemden kalan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel g\u00fcvensizlik ve travmalar, Kore ile Japonya aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca s\u00fcrecek derin izler b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Imjin Sava\u015f\u0131; bir yanda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n, di\u011fer yanda ise Amiral Yi ve halk\u0131n sars\u0131lmaz azmiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yeniden do\u011fu\u015fun hik\u00e2yesidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5c. \u0130stilalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yak\u0131lan &#8216;Sillok&#8217; kay\u0131tlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bahsetti\u011fimiz bu paha bi\u00e7ilemez hazine: Sillok, yani &#8220;Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ger\u00e7ek Kay\u0131tlar\u0131&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5c1. Krallar\u0131n G\u00f6lgesi: Sillok Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sillok, Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 krallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck faaliyetlerinden devlet i\u015flerine kadar her detay\u0131 i\u00e7eren muazzam bir k\u00fclliyatt\u0131r. Hayal edin; bir kral\u0131n her s\u00f6z\u00fc, her karar\u0131 ve hatta bazen hatalar\u0131 bile o an orada bulunan tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan titizlikle not ediliyordu. Bu kay\u0131tlar sadece tarih de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin \u015feffafl\u0131k ve adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir simgesiydi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5c2. B\u00fcy\u00fck Felaket: 1592 Imjin Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1592 y\u0131l\u0131nda Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 o b\u00fcy\u00fck istila (Imjin Sava\u015f\u0131), Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. Bu f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde, ba\u015fkentte saklanan ana Sillok kopyalar\u0131 ne yaz\u0131k ki alevlere teslim oldu ve bir milletin haf\u0131zas\u0131 yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5c3. B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong&#8217;un Dehas\u0131 ve &#8220;Yedekleme&#8221; Vizyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte burada, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong\u2019un o muazzam \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc devreye giriyor! Sejong, bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu ve tek bir yerde tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n risklerini anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden d\u00e2hice bir emir verdi: Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n sadece bir kopya olarak kalmamas\u0131n\u0131, d\u00f6rt ekstra kopyas\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kopyalar\u0131n \u00fclkenin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki g\u00fcvenli depolara (ar\u015fivlere) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5c4. Neden Bu Kadar \u00d6nemli?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Haf\u0131zan\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu:<\/strong> Sejong&#8217;un bu &#8220;da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ar\u015fivleme&#8221; sistemi sayesinde, 1592&#8217;deki o korkun\u00e7 yang\u0131nlarda ba\u015fkentteki kopyalar k\u00fcl olsa da uzak da\u011flarda saklanan di\u011fer kopyalar kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. E\u011fer bu vizyoner ad\u0131m at\u0131lmasayd\u0131, biz bug\u00fcn Joseon tarihine dair bildiklerimizin \u00e7o\u011fundan mahrum kalacakt\u0131k.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modern Tarih Yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Omurgas\u0131:<\/strong> Bug\u00fcn bizler, Sejong&#8217;un ad\u0131n\u0131n bu kay\u0131tlarda 2.000&#8217;den fazla kez ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve onun bilimsel devrimlerini en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kadar biliyorsak, bunu kurtar\u0131lan o Sillok kopyalar\u0131na bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Siyasi Bir Miras:<\/strong> Sillok, sadece bir kitap dizisi de\u011fil; bir devletin kendi ge\u00e7mi\u015fine duydu\u011fu sayg\u0131n\u0131n ve onu gelece\u011fe hatas\u0131z aktarma iradesinin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 Sillok kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 bir trajediydi, ancak onlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen o as\u0131rl\u0131k m\u00fccadele, Kore k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ne kadar k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funun en g\u00fczel hik\u00e2yesidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5d. Ya\u011fmur \u00d6l\u00e7erler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bahsetti\u011fimiz bu teknoloji harikas\u0131, Korece ad\u0131yla Ch&#8217;\u016dgugi, yani d\u00fcnyadaki ilk standart ya\u011fmur \u00f6l\u00e7erlerdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5d1. D\u00fcnyadan 200 Y\u0131l \u00d6nce Gelen Deha<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dostlar\u0131m, bu cihaz\u0131n \u00f6nemini anlamak i\u00e7in tarihe bir not d\u00fc\u015fmeliyiz: Avrupa\u2019da Benedetto Castelli benzer bir cihaz\u0131 ancak 1639 y\u0131l\u0131nda geli\u015ftirebilmi\u015fken, Joseon\u2019un parlak zihinleri ondan yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, yani 1441 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu icad\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu muazzam bulu\u015f, o d\u00f6nemde Joseon\u2019un bilimsel olarak ne kadar ileri bir noktada oldu\u011funun en somut kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5d2. Joseon&#8217;un &#8220;R\u00fcya Tak\u0131m\u0131&#8221;: Mucitler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hik\u00e2yemiz yine o muazzam kadroya uzan\u0131yor. D\u00f6nemin veliaht prensi (ve gelece\u011fin Kral\u0131 Munjong) olan Yi Hyang, yan\u0131na d\u00e2hi m\u00fchendis Chang Y\u014fngsil ve bilim insan\u0131 Yi Ch&#8217;\u014fn\u2019u alarak bu projeye liderlik etmi\u015ftir. Kral Sejong\u2019un te\u015fvikiyle bir araya gelen bu ekip, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015fen her damlay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir k\u0131lmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5d3. Tarlalardan Vergi Masalar\u0131na: Neden \u0130cat Edildi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ya\u011fmur \u00f6l\u00e7erler sadece bilimsel bir merak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu icat do\u011frudan halk\u0131n refah\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tar\u0131mda Verimlilik:<\/strong> Ya\u011fmurun miktar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak bilmek, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere mahsul y\u00f6netiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir avantaj sa\u011fl\u0131yordu ve bu durum tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin katlanarak artmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adaletli Vergilendirme:<\/strong> Belki de en ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fudur; Sejong d\u00f6nemi b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131, ya\u011fmur \u00f6l\u00e7erlerden gelen verileri kullanarak b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen, \u00e7ok daha adil ve esnek bir vergi sistemi (kongp\u014fp) geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Yani az ya\u011fmur alan ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc az olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcden, bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sayesinde daha az vergi al\u0131nabiliyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5d4. \u00dclke \u00c7ap\u0131nda Bir Bilim A\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kral Sejong bu icad\u0131n sadece saray bah\u00e7esinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istememi\u015fti. 1442 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, ya\u011fmur \u00f6l\u00e7erler Joseon\u2019un d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve modern bir meteoroloji istasyonu a\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00fclkenin her yerinden veri toplanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda bir d\u00f6nem kullan\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalsa da bu gelenek 1770 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonuna kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ch&#8217;\u016dgugi<\/strong> sadece bir metal kap de\u011fil; Joseon insan\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 anlama, halk\u0131n\u0131 doyurma ve adaleti sa\u011flama arzusunun bir simgesidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5e. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en bilimsel alfabesi: Hangul<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong: halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu derin sevgiyle bir alfabeyi s\u0131f\u0131rdan in\u015fa eden bir d\u00e2hi<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en bilimsel alfabelerinden biri kabul edilen <strong>Hangul<\/strong>\u2019un neden ve nas\u0131l icat edildi\u011finin o dokunakl\u0131 hik\u00e2yesini beraber ke\u015ffedelim:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"15\">\n<li>y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kore\u2019de okuma yazma bilmek, sadece yangban dedi\u011fimiz \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f soylulara tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o d\u00f6nemde kullan\u0131lan \u00c7ince karakterler (Hanja) hem \u00e7ok zordu hem de Kore dilinin yap\u0131s\u0131na hi\u00e7 uygun de\u011fildi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Kral Sejong\u2019u bu icada iten as\u0131l nedenleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Halk\u0131n \u00c7aresizli\u011fi:<\/strong> Halk, kendi duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini ka\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kemiyor, mahkemelerde dertlerini anlatam\u0131yordu. Sejong, &#8220;Cahil halktan s\u00f6ylemek istedikleri olup da sonunda duygular\u0131n\u0131 ifade edemeyen pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi var&#8221; diyerek bu duruma \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bir Cinayet ve Ahlaki E\u011fitim:<\/strong> 1428 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kim Hwa ad\u0131nda bir adam\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi saray\u0131 derinden sarst\u0131. Sejong, halk\u0131n Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc etik kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in resimli rehberler haz\u0131rlatsa da (<em>Samganghaengsilto<\/em>), halk\u0131n okuma yazma bilmemesi bu e\u011fitimin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeldi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dilsel Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar:<\/strong> Sejong, Korece seslerin \u00c7ince karakterlerle tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131lanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve Kore dilinin \u00c7in medeniyetinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funun bilincindeydi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hangul\u2019un icad\u0131 \u00f6yle bir g\u00fcnde olmad\u0131; arkas\u0131nda y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren bilimsel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve hatta bir miktar &#8220;gizlilik&#8221; var:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Liyakat ve Bilim:<\/strong> Sejong, icat \u00f6ncesinde sarayda De\u011ferliler Salonu &#8220;Hall of Worthies&#8221; (Jiphyeonjeon) ad\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu kurarak en parlak zihinleri bir araya getirdi. Kendisi de bizzat dilbilim \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, hatta her g\u00fcn \u00c7ince dersleri al\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1443: \u0130lk I\u015f\u0131k:<\/strong> Alfabe, muhtemelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gizlilik i\u00e7inde geli\u015ftirildi ve 1443 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda saraya a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Baz\u0131 akademisyenler Sejong\u2019un tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunsa da, sarayda kurulan <em>\u014enmunch&#8217;\u014fng<\/em> (Yerel Yaz\u0131 Komisyonu) b\u00fcnyesindeki gen\u00e7 bilginlerin ona yard\u0131m etti\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hunminjeongeum (1446):<\/strong> Nihayet 1446 y\u0131l\u0131nda, &#8220;Halka Do\u011fru Seslerin \u00d6\u011fretilmesi&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelen Hunminjeongeum adl\u0131 rehberle alfabe resmen duyuruldu. Bu eserde her harfin nas\u0131l telaffuz edilece\u011fi ve felsefesi detayl\u0131ca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Her devrim gibi bu da kolay kabul edilmedi de\u011ferli misafirler. Ch&#8217;oe Malli liderli\u011findeki bir grup soylu, bu yeni alfabeyi &#8220;\u00c7in medeniyetinden uzakla\u015fmak&#8221; ve &#8220;anti-Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc&#8221; olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. Onlara g\u00f6re okuryazarl\u0131k sadece se\u00e7kinlerin elinde kalmal\u0131yd\u0131. Kral Sejong ise geri ad\u0131m atmad\u0131; bu alfabeyi halk\u0131n\u0131n iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunarak muhalifleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine hapse bile att\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fin en h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc yan\u0131 \u015fudur ki; Hangul icat edildikten sonra 400 y\u0131l boyunca saray \u00e7evresinde &#8220;kaba&#8221; bir yaz\u0131 sistemi olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsendi. Ancak 1894 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Kabo Reformlar\u0131 ile nihayet devletin resmi yaz\u0131\u015fma alfabesi olarak kabul edilebildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Seul sokaklar\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131rken, o devasa Sejong heykelinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde durdu\u011funuzda \u015funu unutmay\u0131n: O harfler sadece birer \u00e7izgi de\u011fil, bir kral\u0131n halk\u0131n\u0131n sesini duyma arzusunun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5f. Eulsa Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (1905 Koruma Antla\u015fmas\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kore\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k zincirlerinin a\u011f\u0131r darbeler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 o me\u015fhur <strong>Eulsa Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> (1905 Koruma Antla\u015fmas\u0131)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>F\u0131rt\u0131nadan Sonraki Pranga:<\/strong> Japonya, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin ard\u0131ndan Kore \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iyice art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu siyasi atmosferde, 17 Kas\u0131m 1905 tarihinde Kore \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu fiilen Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n bir korumas\u0131 (protektoras\u0131) haline getirildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zoraki Bir \u0130mza:<\/strong> De\u011ferli misafirler, bu anla\u015fman\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 yan\u0131 asl\u0131nda bir hukuksuzluk hikayesi olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Anla\u015fma, \u0130mparator Gojong\u2019un resmi onay\u0131 veya m\u00fchr\u00fc olmadan, tamamen bask\u0131yla dayat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0130lk \u00c7atla\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Bu anla\u015fma ile Kore, kendi d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisini kaybederek diplomatik egemenli\u011finden vazge\u00e7meye zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olay, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan o tam ilhaka ve Kore&#8217;nin fiilen bir Japon kolonisi haline gelmesine giden yolun en karanl\u0131k habercisiydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bir Milletin Direni\u015f Me\u015falesi:<\/strong> Bu haks\u0131zl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Kore halk\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 asla boyun e\u011fmedi. Bir\u00e7ok entelekt\u00fcel ve vatansever, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri kazanmak i\u00e7in dernekler ve te\u015fkilatlar kurarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f hareketi ba\u015flatt\u0131. Hatta bu bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan askerler, &#8220;Do\u011fruluk Ordular\u0131&#8221;na (Righteous Army) kat\u0131larak ulusal bir m\u00fccadeleyi ate\u015fledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarihin Nihai H\u00fckm\u00fc:<\/strong> Y\u0131llar sonra, 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan anla\u015fmalarla bu ve benzeri t\u00fcm zoraki antla\u015fmalar\u0131n asl\u0131nda hukuken &#8220;ge\u00e7ersiz ve h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz&#8221; oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5g. Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6neminde \u0130nan\u00e7: Neo-Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Joseon demek, Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn asalet ve ahlakla yo\u011frulmu\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 demektir. Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucusu Yi Seong-gye ile birlikte, devletin resmi ideolojisi Budizm\u2019den Neo-Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kaym\u0131\u015f; ahlak, do\u011fruluk ve pratik etik toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezine oturmu\u015ftur. Bu yeni d\u00f6nemde seonbi denilen, mevkii ve zenginli\u011fi de\u011fil, bilgiyi ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7en bir bilgin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ancak halk\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcndeki Budizm ve \u015eamanizm tamamen silinmemi\u015f; hatta B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar bile \u00f6zel hayatlar\u0131nda Budist inanc\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5h. Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6neminde<\/strong> <strong>Edebiyat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Sejong, 1446 y\u0131l\u0131nda &#8220;Halka Do\u011fru Seslerin \u00d6\u011fretilmesi&#8221; (Hunminjeongeum) felsefesiyle Hangul alfabesini bizzat icat ederek Kore tarihinde bir devrim yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hangul sayesinde halk kendi dertlerini ka\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kebilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu dille yaz\u0131lan ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015faheser olan Yongbi\u014fch&#8217;\u014fn&#8217;ga (U\u00e7an Ejderhalar\u0131n \u015eark\u0131s\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edebiyat d\u00fcnyas\u0131 Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc ilkeleri anlatan rehberler, tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve co\u011frafya metinleriyle dolup ta\u015farken; matbaac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan metal hareketli harfler sayesinde bilgi daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5i. Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6neminde<\/strong> <strong>Sanat ve Mimari<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Joseon sanat\u0131, Goryeo&#8217;nun o g\u00f6steri\u015fli yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aksine, Neo-Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin getirdi\u011fi bir sadelik ve vakur bir duru\u015f sergiler. Resim sanat\u0131nda An Ky\u014fn\u2019un o me\u015fhur Mongyudow\u014fndo (R\u00fcyadaki \u015eeftali Bah\u00e7esi) eseri gibi do\u011fa manzaralar\u0131 zirve yaparken, kaligrafi ve m\u00fczik de saray ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fczik alan\u0131nda Aak denilen saray m\u00fczi\u011fi yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, hatta yeni nota sistemleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Mimari de ise ba\u015fkent Hanyang&#8217;daki (Seul) <strong>Gyeongbokgung Saray\u0131<\/strong>, bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve estetik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015flara ve ah\u015faba kaz\u0131yan bir abide olarak y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5j. Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Bilim ve Tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Joseon sadece sanatla de\u011fil, d\u00e2hice bulu\u015flarla da d\u00fcnyay\u0131 selamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk standart ya\u011fmur \u00f6l\u00e7erleri (ch&#8217;\u016dgugi), su saatleri ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zleyen muazzam aletler bu d\u00f6nemde hayat bulmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmana korku salan Kaplumba\u011fa Gemiler ve roketli ok bataryalar\u0131 (hwacha), Joseon\u2019un askeri teknolojideki dehas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bir milletin haf\u0131zas\u0131 olan Sillok (Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ger\u00e7ek Kay\u0131tlar\u0131) ise, d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 kopya halinde \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak en zorlu i\u015fgallerden bile kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Joseon tarihini bizlere eksiksiz ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5k. Joseon Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Sosyal Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Joseon toplumu, kaderin do\u011fumla belirlendi\u011fi kat\u0131 bir hiyerar\u015fiye sahipti. En \u00fcstte soylu yangban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, ortada teknik uzmanlar olan jungin, geni\u015f kitleleri olu\u015fturan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler (sangmin) ve en altta ise k\u00f6leleri de kapsayan cheonmin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bulunurdu. Ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde toplumsal hareketlilik artm\u0131\u015f ve 1894 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki radikal de\u011fi\u015fimlerle bu s\u0131n\u0131f sistemi tamamen tarihe g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi dostlar\u0131m, Joseon; bir yanda f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131ndan m\u00fcrekkep damlayan bilgelerin, di\u011fer yanda g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7en bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu sevgiyle alfabe yaratan bir kral\u0131n masals\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"japon-donemi\">6. Karanl\u0131k ve Direni\u015f: Japon \u0130\u015fgali (1910\u20131945)<\/h2>\n<p>6. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda modernle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131larla sekteye u\u011frad\u0131 ve 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda Japonya Kore\u2019yi resmen ilhak etti. Bu 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te Kore dili yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, insanlar isimlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131k Japonya&#8217;ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Kore halk\u0131 hi\u00e7 pes etmedi; 1 Mart 1919&#8217;da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fckseldi ve \u015eanghay\u2019da bir Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6a. F\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n Ayak Sesleri: \u0130lhak (1910)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nem asl\u0131nda 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir anda ba\u015flamad\u0131. Japonya, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin ard\u0131ndan Kore\u2019yi bir &#8220;protektora&#8221; (koruma b\u00f6lgesi) haline getirmi\u015fti. Ancak bu anla\u015fma, \u0130mparator Gojong\u2019un resmi m\u00fchr\u00fc veya onay\u0131 olmadan, tamamen bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ilan edilmi\u015f bir hukuksuzluk belgesiydi. Nihayet 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda Japonya, Kore\u2019yi resmen ilhak etti ve bu kadim topraklar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 &#8220;Chosen&#8221; olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6b. Bir Milletin Haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 Silme \u00c7abas\u0131: K\u00fclt\u00fcrel K\u0131y\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce size hayranl\u0131kla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m o muazzam Hangul alfabesi yasaklan\u0131yor, Korece konu\u015fmak su\u00e7 say\u0131l\u0131yor ve okullarda sadece Japonca e\u011fitimi veriliyordu. Japon y\u00f6netimi, Korelileri &#8220;Japonla\u015ft\u0131rmak&#8221; i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola ba\u015fvurdu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0130simlerin \u00c7al\u0131nmas\u0131:<\/strong> 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda Koreliler kendi aile isimlerini b\u0131rak\u0131p Japonca isimler almaya zorland\u0131lar (Soshi-kaimei); ismini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyen \u00e7ocuklar okullara al\u0131nm\u0131yor, yeti\u015fkinlere i\u015f verilmiyordu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130nan\u00e7 Bask\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Koreliler, Japon imparatoruna ve \u015einto inan\u00e7lar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye zorlan\u0131rken; Hristiyan liderler ve Budist ke\u015fi\u015fler a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarihin Yak\u0131lmas\u0131:<\/strong> Binlerce tarihi belge ve kitap yak\u0131ld\u0131, Kore\u2019nin sanatsal hazineleri Japonya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>6c. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131: 1 Mart Hareketi (1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Her bask\u0131 kendi direni\u015fini do\u011furur. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda, son kral Gojong\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve zehirlendi\u011fi \u015fayialar\u0131 \u00fczerine Seul sokaklar\u0131nda binlerce \u00f6\u011frenci topland\u0131. Woodrow Wilson\u2019\u0131n &#8220;kendi kaderini tayin etme&#8221; prensiplerinden ilham alan yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon insan, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6sterilerle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hayk\u0131rd\u0131. Japonya bu hareketi \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131rd\u0131; yakla\u015f\u0131k 7.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve binlerce insan tutukland\u0131. Ancak bu olay, \u015eanghay&#8217;da kurulan Kore Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin ve sars\u0131lmaz bir ulusal bilincin temeli oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6d. Ekonomik S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve Sava\u015f\u0131n K\u0131rba\u00e7 Sesleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde sadece ruhlar de\u011fil, topraklar da s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Japonya, 1945&#8217;e gelindi\u011finde Kore&#8217;deki t\u00fcm m\u00fclklerin yakla\u015f\u0131k %85&#8217;ini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Demiryollar\u0131 ve yollar in\u015fa edildi; ama bunlar modernle\u015fme i\u00e7in de\u011fil, Kore&#8217;nin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla Japonya&#8217;ya ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7indi.<\/p>\n<p>1930&#8217;lar\u0131n sonunda Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n \u00c7in ve Pasifik&#8217;te sava\u015fa girmesiyle bask\u0131 dayan\u0131lmaz bir boyuta ula\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zorunlu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Askerlik:<\/strong> Koreli erkekler Japon ordusuna al\u0131nd\u0131 veya madenlerde, fabrikalarda k\u00f6le gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teselli Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 (Comfort Women):<\/strong> Tarihin en ac\u0131 sayfalar\u0131ndan biridir; binlerce Koreli gen\u00e7 k\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak veya kand\u0131r\u0131larak Japon ordusunun genelevlerinde fahi\u015feli\u011fe zorland\u0131. Bu yara, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 Kore ve Japonya aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin en hassas noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"kore-savasi\">7. B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve Kore Sava\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Nihayet, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda teslim olmas\u0131yla 15 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Kore \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015ftu. Ancak bu sevin\u00e7 yar\u0131m kald\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuzeyi Sovyetler, g\u00fcneyi ise Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri i\u015fgal ederek 38. paralelde \u00fclkeyi ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bu 35 y\u0131l Koreliler i\u00e7in sadece ac\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcllerinden do\u011fan bir milletin, dilini ve onurunu asla teslim etmeyen o ma\u011frur duru\u015fun hik\u00e2yesidir.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bitince \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck geldi san\u0131ld\u0131 ancak yar\u0131mada 38. paralelden ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. 1950&#8217;de ba\u015flayan ve 3 milyon cana mal olan Kore Sava\u015f\u0131, 1953&#8217;te bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla de\u011fil, sadece bir ate\u015fkesle durdu.<\/p>\n<p>Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 ile daha detayl\u0131 bilgi istersen daha \u00f6nce yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/kore-savasi\/\">bu yaz\u0131y\u0131<\/a> okuyabilirsin.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"guney-kore\">8. Modern G\u00fcney Kore ve Han Nehri Mucizesi (1945\u2013G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz)<\/h2>\n<p>Sava\u015ftan sonra G\u00fcney Kore, &#8220;Han Nehri Mucizesi&#8221; denilen inan\u0131lmaz bir hamleyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fakir \u00fclkelerinden biriyken bug\u00fcn dev bir teknoloji ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr g\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kuzey Kore ise militarist ve kapal\u0131 bir sistemle yoluna devam etti.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte sevgili dostlar, Kore&#8217;nin her seferinde k\u00fcllerinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc do\u011fan bu b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici hikayesi b\u00f6yle. Yar\u0131mada bug\u00fcn hala b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olsa da, bar\u0131\u015f ve birle\u015fme umudu tarihin her sayfas\u0131nda ya\u015famaya devam ediyor. Yolculu\u011fumuza e\u015flik etti\u011finiz i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcrler!<\/p>\n<p>[ays_quiz id=&#8217;15&#8217;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>OKUMA L\u0130STES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n\/* Search Panel *\/\r\n.wbg-search-container {\r\n    background: #FFFFFF;\r\n    border: 0px solid #CCCCCC;\r\n    border-radius: 0px;\r\n    margin-top: 0px;\r\n    margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\/* Search Input *\/\r\n.wbg-search-container .wbg-search-item input[type=\"text\"],\r\n.selectize-control.single .selectize-input,\r\n.selectize-dropdown [data-selectable].option {\r\n    background-color: #FFFFFF;\r\n    color: #242424!important;\r\n    font-size: 14px;\r\n}\r\n.selectize-input input {\r\n    color: #242424!important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.selectize-dropdown [data-selectable].option {\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    border-bottom: 1px solid #EEE;\r\n    padding-bottom: 5px;\r\n}\r\n\/* Search Button *\/\r\n.wbg-search-container .wbg-search-item .submit-btn {\r\n    background: 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.wbg-item-list-wrapper a.wbg-btn {\r\n      background: #0274be;\r\n      color: #FFFFFF;\r\n      font-size: 12px;\r\n  }\r\n  .wbg-main-wrapper .wbg-item-list-wrapper a.wbg-btn:hover {\r\n      background: #0274be;\r\n      color: #FFFFFF;\r\n  }\r\n<\/style><div class=\"wbg-parent-wrapper\">\r\n      <div class=\"wbg-main-wrapper wbg-product-column-4 wbg-product-column-mobile-1 list\">\r\n      <div class=\"wbg-item-list-wrapper\">\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"wbg-item-list-img\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Adsiz-tasarim-2-200x300.png\" alt=\"K\u0131sa Kore Tarihi\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 200px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 200\/300;height:200px; object-fit: fill;\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">        <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"wbg-item-list-detials\">\r\n        <div class=\"wbg-title\">\r\n                        <a class=\"wgb-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/books\/kisa-kore-tarihi\/\" self>\r\n                K\u0131sa Kore Tarihi            <\/a>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"wbg-rating\">\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                        <span class=\"loop-author\">\r\n                                        Yazar:                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/book-author\/\" class=\"wbg-list-author\">\r\n                        Michael J. Seth                    <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                <span class=\"loop-category\">\r\n                    Kategori:                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/book-category\/kore\" class=\"wbg-list-cat\">Kore<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/book-category\/kore-tarihi\" class=\"wbg-list-cat\">Kore Tarihi<\/a>                <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"wbg-description-content\">\r\n                    <p>Michael J. Seth\u2019in \"K\u0131sa Kore Tarihi\" kitab\u0131, Kore\u2019nin antik d\u00f6nemden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zetler.<\/p>                <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"wbg-button-container-loop\">\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Size &#8220;Sabah Sakinli\u011fi \u00dclkesi&#8221;nin kadim k\u00f6klerinden bug\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u0131ldayan g\u00f6kdelenlerine uzanan hikayesini, kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kronolojik bir s\u0131rayla anlataca\u011f\u0131m. 1. Gojoseon: Kore<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guney-kore-hakkinda"],"a3_pvc":{"activated":true,"total_views":21,"today_views":0},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kore&#039;nin K\u0131sa Tarihi - \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcl\u00fcn<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gelin efsanevi Gojoseon\u2019dan Joseon Hanedan\u0131\u2019na, Japon i\u015fgalinden modern G\u00fcney Kore\u2019nin do\u011fu\u015funa G\u00fcney Kore\u2019nin tarihini beraber ke\u015ffedelim.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ozgurgulun.com\/en\/korenin-kisa-tarihi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kore&#039;nin K\u0131sa Tarihi - 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